PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develop a instrument to evaluate patient safety perception in hospitalized patient and to examine its validity and reliability.
METHODS
For the development of the initial items, the literature was reviewed along with the existing measuring tools. The items were evaluated by experts for content validity. This study was conducted from September 2017 to January 2018. A total of 294 hospitalized patients participated in the study to verify the validity and reliability of the instrument. Data were analyzed by item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, criterion-related validity, and internal consistency.
RESULTS
The final instrument were derived containing 24 items and 3 factors. There were 10 items on “activities to ensure”, 10 items on “patient's safety practices”, and 4 items on “trust of the medical system.” The criterion-related validity was established using the Patient Measure of Safety (r=.72, p < .001). The Cronbach's α for this instrument was .93.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study indicate that this instrument has satisfactory validity and reliability. It can quantitatively measure the degree of patient safety awareness of hospitalized patients.

Citations

• What Factors Influence Patient Measures of Safety Among Adults?
  Yujeong Kim, Eunhee Nam
  Risk Management and Healthcare Policy.2025; Volume 18: 353.     CrossRef
• The Mediating Role of Patient Safety Perception in the Relationship between Right to Know and Patient Participation among Inpatients
  Sun-Hwa Shin, On-Jeon Baek
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2025; 37(2): 114.     CrossRef
• Development and Validation of the Korean Patient Safety Culture Survey Instrument for Hospitals
  Sun-Gyo Lee
  Quality Improvement in Health Care.2024; 30(1): 105.     CrossRef
• Influence of patient safety perception and attitude on inpatients’ willingness to participate in patient safety: An observation study
  Mi Hwa Won, In Suk Hwang, Sun-Hwa Shin
  Medicine.2024; 103(29): e39033.     CrossRef
• Mediating effects of patient safety perception and willingness to participate in patient safety on the relationship between health literacy and patient participation behavior among inpatients
  Mi Hwa Won, Sun-Hwa Shin
  Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Patient Understanding of Patient Safety: Based on Results from Focus Group Discussion
  Jeehye Im, Minsu Ock
  Quality Improvement in Health Care.2022; 28(2): 50.     CrossRef
• Effect of Sanitation Knowledge and Attitude of Beauty Industry Workers on their Hygiene Management in the Workplace -Focusing on the mediated effect of organizational loyalty-
  Yoo-Jin Oh, Min-Soo Jung
  Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology.2022; 28(1): 129.     CrossRef
• Development and Effectiveness of a Patient Safety Education Program for Inpatients
  Sun Hwa Shin, Mi Jung Kim, Ho Jin Moon, Eun Hye Lee
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(6): 3262.     CrossRef
• The Moderating Effect of Patient Safety Knowledge in the Relationship between Patient Experience and Patient Safety Perception for Patients in Primary Care Institutions
  On Jeon Baek, Sun Hwa Shin
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2021; 33(4): 387.     CrossRef
• The influence of patient-centeredness on patient safety perception among inpatients
  Nahee Choi, Jinhee Kim, Hyunlye Kim, Holly Seale
  PLOS ONE.2021; 16(2): e0246928.     CrossRef
• Analysis of Subgroups with Lower Level of Patient Safety Perceptions Using Decision-Tree Analysis
  Sun Hwa Shin
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2020; 50(5): 686.     CrossRef
• Patient Safety Perception and Patient Participation among Hemato-oncology Patients
  Se Jeong Kang, Jeong Yun Park
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2019; 19(4): 224.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to describe qualitatively the entities of nurse's experiences in general hospitals and to suggest basic data guiding research on developing Standards of clinical nursing practice in Korea.
METHOD
Fourteen nurses working at general hospitals with over 300 beds in Seoul were interviewed in-depth until saturation using tape-recorders and transcription.
RESULT
The central theme of clinical nursing practice experienced by subjects was "being with clients" that means accepting client's personal character, solving client's needs and providing client-centered nursing. A also "being with clients" was felt to be the responsibility of nurses which was learned from their nursing schools. The nursing strategies performed in order to be with patients were proving skillful nursing techniques, accepting, educating, emotional support, advocating, and self-reflecting, the subjects experienced somewhat problematic affects such as difficulties in interpersonal relationship, work overload, negative image of nursing, deficit of self-confidence for nursing actions, poor working conditions, and unfair treatment. Nurses at the hospital practiced with pride when they felt that they were accepted by clients.
CONCLUSION
Further research is needed to analysis problems in clinical practice and the comparison of nurses' experiences of clinical practice, with nurses' experiences in various settings.

As a nursing practice involves nurses'actions in a specific context of health care, this study has focused on exploring the espoused theories in nursing practice within the action science perspectives. Espoused theories are the belief, principles, and rationale expressed by the practitioner as guiding her/his actions in a situation of practice. The data were analysed qualitatively and 25 elements of espoused theories of nursing action were identified and clustered into 6 categories. The 25 elements of espoused theories are as follows: The clinical nurse worked in wholistic and individual nursing, focussed on the patient's needed, comfort and supportive nursing (5 theories of nursing goal); excellent skills, knowledge based, assessment and data collection, explaining, educating or a scientific basis(6 theories of nursing intervention): advocacy, value oriented, treatment, accountability and commitment(4 theories of nursing ethics); human respect, partnership, trust(3 theories of patient-nurse relationship) : knowledgable, accumulated clinical experiences and personally lived experiences, positive perspectives(4 theories of nurse), role of intervention, rewarding, peer relationship(3 theories of situations). The above mentioned espoused theories are similar to that of nursing textbooks which students learned through basic nursing education and almost the same as the Acts ofa Nurse in Korean. However, we are doubtful whether nurses actually do as they think. Therefore, it is recommended to review the theories-in-use in order to find any discrepancies between the espoused theories and the reality of nursing actions.

A review of the literature on cancer pain revealed that many persons with cancer receive inadequate analgesia for pain control, due in part to a lack of knowledge of the control of cancer pain by both physicians and nurses. This study is composed of two parts : one is to train nurses to change their knowledge of and attitude toward the pain management of patients having cancer and to evaluate the effectiveness of this training in comparison with other non-trained group ; the other is to test the applicability of the pain management method knowledge and attitude in the levels of pain of oncology patients. General characteristics of nurses such as age, education, educational experiences of cancer pain management were not different in both groups except the clinical experience. General characteristics of cancer patients and pain-related variables such as pain, sleep, daily activities, treatment modalities, causes of pain were not different in both groups except the educational levels of patients. After an eight-hour educational program given to the experimental nurse group, the knowledge and attitude about assessment of cancer pain, pain medication, and pharmacological knowledge were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group, while knowledge about classification of analgesics was not significantly different. The amount of analgesics, measured by the morphine equivalent doses, used in the experimental group was significantly lower than in the control group in the first and the last days. The experimental group used more systematic ways of drug changes from non-narcotic analgesics to narcotic analgesics than the control group. This indicated that the control group used fentanyl patches more commonly than in the control group. Cancer pain scores of both group of patients were measured on an hourly bases for a week in both groups. The patients' pain scores of the first day of measurement in experimental group were not significantly higher than those of control group of patients, while those of the last day were significantly higher than those of the control group. This study supports the need for educational program for the management of cancer pain to the nurses and the doctors.