Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate caring self-efficacy and social support, and their mediating effects on the relationship between caring burden and caring behavior in family caregivers of elderly with dementia in the community-dwelling.
Methods
A sample of 210 participants was used in a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from July 15th to November 22nd, 2019 through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression analysis, and the bootstrapping method with SPSS/WIN 25.0 and PROCESS macro program.
Results
The mean score for caring behavior was 3.14±0.81 (range 1~5). Caring behavior was significantly associated with caring burden (r=-.54, p<.001), caring self-efficacy (r=.68, p<.001), and social support (r=.69, p<.001). Using Baron and Kenny's approach and PROCESS macro model 4, caring behavior was found to be directly affected by caring burden (β=-.55, p<.001). Caring self-efficacy (β=-.36, p<.001) and social support (β=-.34, p<.001) were directly affected by caring burden. The partial mediating effects of caring self-efficacy (β =-.18, p=.007, 95% confidence interval -0.44~-0.14) and social support (β=-.23, p<.001, 95% confidence interval -0.38~-0.13) on the impact of caring burden on caring behavior were confirmed.
Conclusion
The impact of caring burden on caring behavior was mediated by caring self-efficacy and social support in family caregivers of elderly with dementia in the community-dwelling. The results suggest that caring self-efficacy and social support need to be considered in developing nursing interventions to reduce caring burden and improve caring behavior for family caregivers of elderly with dementia.

Citations

• Care burden, depression, quality of life, and institutionalization factors among family caregivers of long-term care recipients: A secondary data analysis
  Eun-Jeong Han, Yeongwoo Park, Heejung Kim, Myonghwa Park
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2025; 27(1): 57.     CrossRef
• Factors influencing the caring behaviors of primary family caregivers of older adults with dementia: A cross-sectional study
  Da-Mi Kim, Hye-Young Jang
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2024; 26(2): 146.     CrossRef
• Effect of perceived chronic illness management support, health literacy, and social support on the care burden of families caring for older people with multiple chronic conditions at home: A cross-sectional study
  Eun Sil Lee, Mi Young Kim
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2023; 25(1): 76.     CrossRef
• Influence of Gratitude and Sense of Meaning in Life on Caregiving Self-Efficacy of Family Caregivers of Persons With Mental Illness
  Won Hee Jun
  Western Journal of Nursing Research.2023; 45(12): 1104.     CrossRef
• Resilience of family caregivers of people with dementia in South Korea: protocol for a scoping review
  Hyun-Ju Seo, Min-Jung Choi, Song-I Park, Jeong-hwan Park
  BMJ Open.2022; 12(7): e056739.     CrossRef
• Positive Changes in Caregiving Experiences of Family Caregivers for Long-Term Care Recipients after a Family Counseling Support Program
  Eun-Jeong Han, Myonghwa Park, Jihye Jung
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2022; 24(1): 85.     CrossRef
• Health Promotion Behavior among Older Korean Family Caregivers of People with Dementia
  Aram Cho, Chiyoung Cha
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(8): 4123.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was designed to explore positive and negative aspects of the caregiver reaction and identify factors influencing psychological well-being among family caregivers of home-based cancer patients.
METHODS
The participants were 139 family caregivers from two cities. These caregivers took care of he family member in the home. Data were collected utilizing the Caregiver Reaction Assessment Scale and the Psychological Well-being Scale.
RESULTS
Self-esteem was the highest reaction reported among the family caregivers. There were significant correlations between caregiver reaction and their psychological well-being. In multiple regression analysis, self-esteem and family support were predictors of psychological well-being among family caregivers (F=13.71, p < .001, Adj. R²=.393).
CONCLUSION
The results demonstrated that self-esteem and family support impacts the psychological well-being among cancer family caregivers. Thus, nursing intervention are needed to enhance self-esteem to improve psychological well-being among family caregivers.

Citations

• Family Caregivers’ Experiences Related to Fear of Cancer Recurrence in Caring for Cancer Survivors
  Ka Ryeong Bae, Jisoo Yu
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2023; 23(2): 64.     CrossRef
• The effect of caregiver educational program on caregiver reactions and lifestyle behaviors for caregivers of colorectal cancer patients: a quasi-experimental study
  Nilay Bektas Akpinar, Tulin Beduk, Filiz Cay Senler
  Supportive Care in Cancer.2022; 30(5): 4389.     CrossRef
• Influences of Depression and Social Support on Quality of Life in Family Caregivers of Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy at an Outpatient Department
  Hye Young Kim, Eun Ko
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2022; 29(4): 430.     CrossRef
• Palyatif bakım kliniğinde yatan hastalara bakım veren bireylerin mental iyi oluş durumları ve sosyal destek düzeylerinin incelenmesi
  Fatma ERSİN, Dursun ÇADIRCI, Gül KILIÇ DEDEOĞLU
  Ege Tıp Dergisi.2022; 61(3): 379.     CrossRef
• Factors associated with Burden of Family Caregivers of Home-dwelling Elderly People with Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
  Eun Kyung Kim, Heeok Park
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(4): 351.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was to explore and describe the reported experiences of elderly spouses who care their bedridden spouse in the home.
METHODS
The participants of this study were 14 male and female elderly spouses who live in B metropolitan city and have provided care for more than six months. Data were collected from July 3 to November 6, 2014. Data analysis was done simultaneously with data collection, using the analytical methods of Strauss and Corbin for Grounded theory.
RESULTS
The core category was identified as ‘ going together bearing a heavy burden of care in old age.’ In this study, the caring process of elderly spouses can be explained in terms of three stages such as ‘ a period of trial and error,’‘ a period of mastering a role,’ and ‘ a period of role transcendence’.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study can provide an intervention framework to reduce the heavy burden of caring for an elderly spouse.

Citations

• Mechanism for meeting the care of older adults in rural China—relying on spouse, offspring or community?
  Ziyue Dong, Jianliang Nie, Dan Li, Yufeng Wu
  BMC Geriatrics.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Understanding the Roles of over 65-Year-Old Male and Female Carers: A Comparative Analysis of Informal Caregiving
  Purificación Ballester, Clara Pérez-Esteve, Alicia Sánchez-García, Eva Gil-Hernández, Mercedes Guilabert, José Joaquín Mira
  Geriatrics.2025; 10(3): 75.     CrossRef
• Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire–Carer
  JuHee Lee, Young H. Sohn, Seok Jong Chung, Sung Hae Kim, Yujin Suh, Jungah Park, Yielin Kim
  Journal of Clinical Neurology.2023; 19(6): 547.     CrossRef

This study tried to search the coping method which provides the best quality of life for the inpatients and to inquire into the phenomenon of the caring through the phenomenological caring experience of the inpatients. The subjects of the study were seven patients who admissed in K hospital in Seoul, Korea. The data were collected from October 1996 to September 1997. The researcher as a caregiver made confidence of them and asked for their agreement on the purpose of the study. The subjects expressed their experience as openheartedly as possible. The researcher described closely the caring experiences with there words themeselves and under the observation of the researcher. A tape-recorder was used under the permission of the subjects to prevents the leakage of the spoken information and communication. The analysis of the data was made through the phenomenological analytic method suggested by Giorgi, which is as follows ; as an unit of description which include the subject's expressions and the researcher's observation, it is examined the theme that express the caring experience with the subject's language (underlining), and the focal meanings are identified in the language of the researcher. After intergrating the focal meaning and make situated structural description as the meaning of the caring experience identified on each subject's point. After intergrating the situated structural description and make the general structural description as the meaning of the caring experience identified on total subject's point then the systemizing of the structure of the caring experienced phenomena and flowing of the consciousness was researched. The conclusions of this study was as follows: The sixteen caring experiences which the subjects experienced were sorted as under ;(1) Mind to hesitate to ask questions: Time lack, Knowledge lack, Excessive task, Inhospitality, Negative impression, Compassion, Embarrassed, Horror of the knowing. (2) Mind to put blame upon environmental situations-Noise, Poor of the hospital institution and negligence of management (3) Mind to be frightened-Surgery, Diagnostic test, Changed environment. (4) Mind to be self-abandonment-Fated situation /Mine fault, Indistinct diagnosis. (5) Mind to be sorrowful-Unkind attitude, Lack of understanding of neighboring. (6) Mind to be impetuous-Delay of diagnostic test. (7) Mind to be worry-Domestic management, Economic burden, Anxiety for prognosis. (8) Mind to endure-Pain, Boring of hospital life, Lethargy. (9) Mind to be compliant-Therapeutic process, Hospitalizational process. (10) Mind to support-Concern of familiar members. (11) Mind to wish-Kind attitude, Meticulous explanations, Good prognosis. (12) Mind to gratitude-Good caring, Kind attitude. (13) Mind to wish to knowing-Explanations illness process, Explanations of testing result. (14) Mind to reidentified the self concept-Retrospect of oneself's life, Positive thought, Self-reliance. (15) Mind to be comfortable-Immediate response, Trust for medical teams. (16) Mind to be dependent-Self addiction (Dream). Finally, in the caring structure the sense of certainty don't always coexist with the sense of uncertainty. When the inpatients try to search for the best quality of life, the senses of certainty and uncertainty make a continual cyclic system in the caring structure.

Open heart surgery is itself a difficult and risky procedure, so patients who receive surgery experiences severe stress and anxiety from physiological and psychological sources. These stresses increase workload of heart and oxigen consumption so that increased pulse rate, blood pressure, arithmia can being a harmful effect to the patients. Thus, nursing intervention should be given in order to reduce these stresses. The purpose of this study was to define "caring touch" which could relieve a patient's anxiety and reinforce his immune reactions. This study examined how "caring touch" could be a easy and useful way of nursing care. Finally, this research attempted to find out when it is appropriate to begin this caring touch compared effect of caring touch given before and after operation. This study was designed using a quasi-experimental approach with non-equivalent control groups and non-synchronized design. The study subjects consisted of 65 adult patients who have undertaken open heart surgery in the two general hospitals of K. and S. located in Inchon and Buchon from the 4th of Jannuary to the 28th of May in 1998. Group A was a study group consisting of 22 patients who were given caring touch twice a day from the day before the operation untill the 7th day after the operation. Group B was a study group consisting of 20 patients who received the care from the 1st day after the operation to the 7th day in the same manner as Group A. The control group consisted of 23 patients who were not given this care. This study used two measuring instrument: Visual Analogue Scale Anxiety which was developed by Cline(1922), and Trait and State Anxiety by Spielberger(1970). Measuring items were blood pressure, pulse rate, cortisol level, percentages of T-lymphocyte, and natural killer cell in the blood. Data collected were analyzed by SAS program for x2 test, ANOVA, Repeated measures of ANOVA, Pearson-correlation, Scheffe multiple comparison, and Profile multiple comparison methods. The results of the study are as follows: 1. Emotional stress reaction Level of VAS anxiety and State anxiety of group A and B showed a significant decline compared to the control group(P<.o5). The anxiety of group A and B showed significant lower level on the 1st day after operation than the day before operation, and the anxiety level was also lower on the 7th day after operation than 1st day after operation(P<.001). 2. Physiological stress reaction Systolic BP measured in groups A and B showed significant higher difference between before and after receiving caring touch compared to control group(P<.05). Systolic BP measured on the 1st day after the operation was lower than the day before and the 7th day after operation(P<.01). The control group however, showed no difference. Diastolic BP measured in group A showed signigicant higher difference between before and after receiving caring touch than control group(P<.05). However, there was no significant difference in it on the three points of measurings. Pulse rate measured in group A showed significant higher difference between before and after receiving caring touch than control group(P<.05), and the pulse rates measured on the 1st day after operation were significantly lower than the day before operation and the 7th day after operation(P<.01). But these was no difference in the control group. The cortisol level of all three groups showed no significant difference, and the level of cortisol measured on 1st day after operation was significantly higher than the day before operation and 7th day after operation(P<.01). 3. Immune reactions T-lymphocyte of group B was found higher rates than the control group(P<.05), and the T-lymphocyte measured on the day befor operation and 7th day after operation were significantly higher than the 1st day after operation(P<.001). NK-cell rate of all three groups revealed no significant difference and NK-cell measured on the 1st day after operation showed higher rates than the 7th day after operation(P<.001). Based on above mentioned results, it is found that emotional and physiological stress of open heart surgery patients can be relieved by giving caring and which was identified on the measured items of VAS Anxiety, State anxiety, BP, and pulse rate. And those measurings were markedly decreased on the 1st day after opertion. Especially group A, which began caring touch before undergoing operation showed less anxiety compared to group B, which received caring touch from the 1st day after operation. Thus, the most appropriate time for giving caring touch was a day before the operation. And also it was found that caring touch increased the T-lymphocyte rate, and immune reactions when anxiety level decreased. Therefore caring touch was proved to be a way of emotional nursing intervention to relieve anxiety and increse immune reaction.