Purpose
This study is a prospective observational study that analyzes the factors affecting and the incidence of postoperative delirium in elderly patients under general anesthesia.
Methods
The study enrolled 193 elderly patients who entered the recovery room after surgery under general anesthesia in a certified tertiary hospital. Data were measured twice-first, before surgery and, second, 30 minutes after the patient entered the recovery room-using the Korean Nursing Delirium Screening Scale. The data were analyzed using x ² tests, the independent t-test, and logistic regression from SPSS 22.0.
Results
The incidence of delirium in elderly patients after surgery under general anesthesia was 13.0% (25 of 193 patients). The incidence of delirium was a significant in the following cases: elderly patient, patients who performed physical activity with assistance at pre-operation, those with lower body mass index, those with lower body weight, those with long operative times, and those with high preoperative pain scores. The occurrence of delirium was 16.57 times higher in the presence of comorbidities, 5.74 times higher when hospitalization occurred through the emergency room, and 3.99 times higher when the number of catheters was high.
Conclusion
Screening for early delirium in the recovery room is important, and it can provide basic data for early nursing intervention in patients suffering from postoperative delirium.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to evaluate effects of heated-humidified anesthetic gas on body temperature, acid-base balance, blood cortisol, and lymphocyte in the elderly patients with colorectal cancer during laparoscopic surgery.
METHODS
This study utilized an experimental design with a randomized controlled trial. A total of 60 patients with colorectal cancer were randomly assigned to one of two groups: either to the heated-humidified anesthetic gas group or to the usual anesthetic gas group. The following variables were measured: body temperature, acid-base balance, blood cortisol, and lymphocyte. The data were analyzed with independent t-test, χ2 test, ANCOVA, and repeated ANOVA using SPSS/WIN 20.0.
RESULTS
There was a significant difference in body temperature between the experimental group and the control group during laparoscopic surgery (F=41.18, p < .001). However, no statistically significant differences were found in acid-base balance, blood cortisol, and lymphocyte between two groups.
CONCLUSION
In this study, the body temperature during laparoscopic surgery was more effectively maintained with the heated-humidified anesthetic gas compared with the regular anesthetic gas. Therefore, the heated-humidified anesthetic gas might be considered to maintain the body temperature during laparoscopic surgery especially in the elderly population.

Citations

• Living experiences of older patients with cancer amid the COVID-19 pandemic: A phenomenological study
  Yong Hwan Hyeon, Kyoung Ja Moon
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2024; 26(1): 54.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to test the effect of visual information blocking nursing intervention (VIBNI) on stress and anxiety of patients undergo chemoport insertion in operating rooms.
METHODS
A non-equivalent control quasi-experimental design was used. Forth eight participants were enrolled and randomized to experimental group (VIBNI group, n=24) and control group (n=24). All participants received chemoport insertion under local anesthesia. During chemoport insertion, participants allocated to the VIBNI group had their both eyes covered with gamma-sterilized white gauze (5cm × 20cm, 0.5cm in thickness and 4g in weight) that can transmit light of 330Lux. Data from 43 participants were analysed after excluding 5 participants who withdrew (3 in the VIBNI group, and 2 in the control group) due to hypertension and anxiety history. Blood pressure and pulse were measured for stress. Blood sample (3 mL) was obtained before and during the procedure to measure serum cortisol level. State anxiety and VAS was measured for anxiety.
RESULTS
The difference of cortisol level between two groups was statistically significant after VIBNI intervention (p=.007). In terms of systolic blood pressure (p=.005) and pulse (p < .001), interaction of two groups appeared to be significant over time.
CONCLUSION
In our sample, participants received the VIBNI reported lower stress responses (cortisol level, systolic blood pressure and pulse) during chemoport insertion. Based upon our preliminary results, further evaluation in a larger sample and objective anxiety is warranted.

Citations

• Effects of Forced-Air Warming Therapy on Anxiety, Pain, and Body Temperature of Patients under Local Anesthesia during Surgery: A Quasi-Experimental Study
  Jeongmin Lee, Yeojin Yi
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2023; 30(2): 206.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to examine the effects of music therapy on anxiety, sedation, and stress responses of patients during surgery with spinal anesthesia.
METHODS
A quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group pre-post test was used. There were 55 adults over 19 years of age scheduled for a lower leg surgery with spinal anesthesia: 27 in the treatment group and 28 in the comparison group. Each subject in the treatment group identified their music preference which was used during the period of surgery which usually lasted, 61 minutes. Data were analyzed using chi-square, Fisher's exact test, independent t-test and repeated measured ANOVA.
RESULTS
There were significant reported differences in levels of anxiety, sedation, and stress responses which were measured by plasma cortisol levels, heart rate, and respiratory rate. The findings of all the variables were effectively decreased among those in the treatment group than the comparison group.
CONCLUSION
The preference based music therapy may be useful as a non-pharmacological intervention.

Citations

• The Effect of Reciting the Quran on the Anxiety of Neurosurgery Muslim Candidates
  Nader Salari, Reza Fayzi, Elahe Abdipuor, Hooman Ghasemi, Shamarina Shohaimi, Masoud Mohammadi
  Health Science Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Integrative review of non‐pharmacological intervention and multidimensional evaluation for intraoperative anxiety under spinal anaesthesia
  Kyuhee Lim, Sooah Jung, Heejung Kim
  Journal of Clinical Nursing.2023; 32(9-10): 2114.     CrossRef
• The effects of music intervention on anxiety and stress responses in adults with CHD undergoing cardiac catheterisation
  Ju Ryoung Moon, Jinyoung Song, June Huh, I-Seok Kang, Jung Hawn Kim, Seung Woo Park, Sung-A Chang
  Cardiology in the Young.2023; 33(2): 213.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Visual Information Blocking Nursing Intervention on Stress and Anxiety during Chemoport Insertion in Adult Cancer Patients of Operation Rooms
  Mimi Lee, Wanju Park
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2018; 30(2): 194.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study compared the effects of forced air warming and radiant heating on body temperature and shivering of patients with postoperative hypothermia.
METHODS
The quasi-experimental study was conducted with two experimental groups who had surgery under general anesthesia; 20 patients of group 1 experimented with the Bair Hugger as a forced air warming and 20 patients of group 2 experimented with the Radiant heater. The study was performed from July 3 to August 31, 2006 in a recovery room of an university hospital in a city. The effects of the experiment were measured by postoperative body temperature and chilling score at arrival and after every 10 minutes. The data were analyzed by t-test or chi-square-test, repeated measures ANCOVA using SPSS/WIN 12.0.
RESULTS
The mean body temperature showed differences between the Bair Hugger group and Radiant Heater group at 40 minutes(F=-2.579, p=.034), 50minutes(F=-2.752, p=.027), and 60 minutes(F=-2.470, p=.047) after arrival to the recovery room. So, hypothesis 1 was partially accepted. The mean score of shivering showed differences between the Bair Hugger group and the Radiant Heater group, but it had no significant meaning. Hypothesis 2 was not accepted.
CONCLUSION
We need more study to explore the effects and side effects of heating modalities to select a more effective heat treatment. The efficiency of heat modalities with regards to cost benefit, time consumption, and patients' discomfort such as burns should be considered.

PURPOSE
This research was conducted to evaluate, analyze, and determine the limitation of the anesthesia that is used in the recovery room in order to provide the foundation for developing the effectiveness of it.
METHOD
The recovery records of this study were collected from 41 hospitals in Seoul, Kyung Ki, and Inchon province. The post anesthetic recovery records consisted of the evaluation of type, evaluative items, frequency, time, score and S(a)O2. These records were collected from September to December of 2005.
RESULTS
The most commonly used post anesthetic evaluation tool was Alderete Score, which was used in 73% of hospitals. The second was Aldrete Score with S(a)O2(17%). Also, 5% of the hospitals used the modified AS form. There were 2.5% of the hospitals applying the adult and child in the evaluation separately. Also, the last 2.5% of the hospitals did not use AS but measured BP, pulse, respiration, temperature, and S(a)O2 with observing nausea, vomiting, urinary retention, backache, laryngitis, shock, and neurologic assessment.
CONCLUSION
It is necessary to develop a post-anesthetic recovery evaluation tool including the application of S(a)O2, so that the early-diagnosis of hypoxia can be possible. In addition, it is necessary to develop a post-anesthetic recovery evaluating method that can distinguish a difference between adults and children.

PURPOSE
This study aims at confirming the effects of the chest meridian massage on the post-anesthetic recovery of general anesthesia appendectomy patients. METHOD: The research was post-test designed as a nonequivalent control group among quasi-experiments tested. The data was collected from June 20, 2003 to October 14, 2003 at a hospital in P city. In the collected data, using SPSS Win 10.0 program, these general features were analyzed by real numbers and percentages; the homogeneity among variables by chi2-test and t-test and the research hypothesis by the t-test. RESULT: Hypothesis 1; The experimental group receiving the treatment of the chest meridian massage will have a much higher post-anesthetic recovery score than that of the control group not receiving it was supported(t=2.544, p=.014). Hypothesis 2; The experimental group receiving the treatment of the chest meridian massage will have a much shorter time of stay in the recovery room than that of the control group not receiving it was supported(t=-4.919, p=.000). CONCLUSION: According to these results, it may be concluded that Chest Meridian Massage is effective in producing a higher level of post-anesthetic recovery score and helps appendectomy patients reduce the time of stay in the recovery room. Therefore the chest meridian massage can be considered as an intervention therapy for directly nursing general anesthesia appendectomy patients.

The purpose of this study was to identify the needs which were perceived by patients who were received spinal anesthesia for surgery. The subjects consisted of 50 adult patients who were admitted to 2 university hospitals and 2 general hospitals in Pusan city and 1 general hospital in Koje City for surgery under spinal anesthesia. Thirty eight percent of subjects received information about anesthesia before the operation. The instrument for this study was developed by the researcher based on literature and a pretest. Data were collected from December 10, 1999 to February 10, 2000 and were analyzed by content analysis. The results were that there were 533 meaningful statements in the needs of spinal anesthesia patients. The needs of spinal anesthesia patients had 51 items (preoperation (6), induction of nesthesia(5), intraoperation (27), postoperation(13)) and 6 categories (information, emotional welfare, physical welfare, post anesthetic management, control of physical environment, humane treatment). From the results, it can be concluded that: 1. In the pre-operation period, we have to explain anesthesia procedures, adequate position of anesthesia, duration before anesthesia wears off and sensation of paralysis. We have to supply emotional support to relieve anxiety because of anesthesia. 2. In induction of anesthesia, we have to support patient's position for anesthesia, and relieve anxiety so that patients participate in induction of anesthesia well. 3. In intra-operative period, we have to check the level of anesthesia, and keep up a comfortable position for operation and care for physical discomfort such as thirst, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea and to maintain body temperature of the patient. Since the patient is conscious, we have to communicate with the patient to relieve anxiety, maintain privacy, inform the patient of the process of the operation and encourage the surgeon to explain the outcome of the operation. The operating team needs the careful about what they say and to place the instrument well. We have to ventilate the room air and reduce noise. 4. In the post-operative period, we have to explain the purpose and duration of bed rest, complications of anesthesia and care for physical discomfort such as pain, dysuria, headache, backache. Also we have to maintain body temperature of the patient and maintain privacy.

This study was performed to examine the safety of the Aldrete Scoring system and the reliability of 8 objective non-invasive methods in the evaluation of post-anesthesia recovery. Aldrete Score(AS) and Maximum Inspiratory Force(MIF), Hand Muscle Grip Power(HMGP), Respiratory Frequency(RF), Tidal Volume(V(T)), Arterial Oxygen Saturation(SaO2), systolic blood pressure(sBP), heart rate(HR), and orientation were measured in the pre-anesthesia period, at the arrival in recovery room and using the AS 10, in 137 patients during a 3 month in 1998 at K hospital. Data obtained by the objective non-invasive methods of the AS 10 were compared with their relevant recovery criteria to the 8 objective non-invasive methods by the use of the t-test. The results were as follows: 1. The MIF of 63 patients using the AS 10 was below the discharge criteria from recovery room(DCrm), but the mean MIF(-34.6 +/- 23.4 cmH2O) was above the DCrm. Women, over 30 years of age or weighing below 60kg, showed significant differences from those whose MIF was below the DCrm(P<0.05). 2. V(T) of 118 patients at AS 10 was below their DCrm and the mean V(T)(3.5 +/- 1.4ml/kg) was significant 19 lower than difference below the DCrm(P<0.01). Women were more commonly present among those who V(T) was below the DCrm. 3. SaO2 of 2 patients using the AS 10 was below their DCrm, but the mean SaO2(98.0 +/- 0.8%) was above the DCrm. 4. HMGP and orientation using the AS 10 were above their DCrm. 5. RF, systolic blood pressure and pulse rate using the AS 10 were within the range of their DCrm. 6. V(T), MIF and SaO2 of some patients, who complained of general malaise or respiratory difficulty during the postanesthesia 24 hours, were less than DCrm. The Above results showed that AS 10 alone was not enough to fulfil the recovery discharge criteria of MIF, V(T) and SaO2, Hence some objective non-invasive monitorings such as SaO2, MIF and V(T) need to be adopted to secure the safe recovery in the recovery room.