PURPOSE
This was a correlation study to identify the relationship of spiritual well-being, hope on fatigue in cancer patients on chemotherapy.
METHODS
The subjects completed structured questionnaires: the 'Spiritual Well-being Scale', developed by Paloutzian & Ellison, 'Hope Scale', developed by Kim & Lee and 'Fatigue Scale', developed by Mendoza et al. Data were collected from 120 patientsat two general hospitals and were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA & Sheffe's test, Pearson's correlation coefficients and multiple stepwise regression.
RESULTS
Participants with higher fatigue had lower scores for hope (r=-.36, p<.001) and lower scores for spiritual well-being (r=-.23, p= .011). Participants with higher scores for hope had higher scores for spiritual well-being (r=.61, p<.001). The factors seen as contributing to fatigue were hope, financial burden of treatment, period of religious life, living with spouse, and reported pain. These variables explained 32.3% of the variance in fatigue. Hope with 13% was the most influential.
CONCLUSION
The fatigue of the cancer patients on chemotherapy can be reduced if hope is improved, and hope can be improved if the spiritual well-being is improved. Therefore, we suggest developing a nursing intervention program that leads to improve hope and spiritual well-being of the cancer patients on chemotherapy for reducing fatigue.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between drug dosage calculation error prevention competence and medication safety organizational climate.
METHODS
We surveyed 207 nurses from 15 hospitals. An assessment survey was designed to assess the medication safety organizational climate which consisted of four subcategories including medication safety cultures, medication safety initiatives, medication error communication, and medication error management competence. The drug dosage calculation error prevention competence contains two subcategories; Dosage calculation habits and ability. The data were collected from July to August 2011. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, partial Pearson correlation coefficient, canonical correlation were used.
RESULTS
Organizational climate was related to dosage calculation error prevention competence with two significant canonical variables. The first canonical correlation coefficient was .53 (Wilks' lambda=0.71, df=8, p<.001) and that of the second was .21 (Wilks' lambda=0.96, df=3, p= .027). The first variate indicated higher perception of medication safety cultures, safety initiatives, error communication and error management competence were related to better dosage calculation habits. The second variate showed higher perception of medication safety cultures and lower medication error management competence were related to higher calculation ability.
CONCLUSION
Continuous supporting strategies for medication safety organizational climate should be implemented to improve drug dosage calculation habits.

PURPOSE
To develop and test the validity and reliability of the Korean version of outcome expectations-2 for exercise.
METHODS
The Korean version of outcome expectations for exercise-2 was developed through forward-backward translation techniques. Content, criterion, and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis and an internal consistency reliability were conducted. Survey data were collected from 200 older adults living in a community.
RESULTS
The Korean version of outcome expectations for exercise-2 had factor loadings of the 13 items ranged from .20 to .76, and was validated by confirmatory factor analysis (CFI=.829, NFI=.754, RMSEA=.086). Also there was a reliable internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha for the positive domain of outcome expectations for exercise scale-2 of .73. Negative domain, however, reported slightly low Cronbach's alpha of .63.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study demonstrated that the Korean version of outcome expectations for exercise-2 had satisfactory validity to measure expectations regarding exercise among older adults in Korea. Negative domain, however, should be retested to verify reliability for the further study.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify factors that influence depression in stomach cancer patients receiving chemotherapy at outpatient clinic.
METHODS
A cross-sectional design was used. Ninety two subjects diagnosed with stomach cancer and receiving chemotherapy agreed to participated in the study. Subjects completed a survey which included questions about depression, symptom experience, social support and self-efficacy.
RESULTS
The level of depression was 13.45+/-6.92. Reported depression differed according to patient's perceived health status. Depression was significantly correlated with symptom experience, social support and self-efficacy. The most important factor related to depression was symptom experience, followed by social support and self-efficacy. These three factors could explain about 47% of depression in stomach cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.
CONCLUSION
Although the level of depression in stomach cancer patients receiving chemotherapy was relatively low, 34.8% of patients reported to have depression. It is important to apply nursing intervention including screening of depression level in stomach cancer patients receiving chemotherapy that focused on symptom experience and to consider about social support and self-efficacy at outpatient clinic.

PURPOSE
This study was to describe the uncertainty, depression, physical symptom, and family support among patients undergoing dialysis. Further, the factors that impact uncertainty were also examined.
METHODS
A convenience sample of 145 patients who received dialysis was selected. A descriptive correlation study was conducted. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis.
RESULTS
The patient who received more than five years of dialysis reported higher levels on inconsistency of uncertainty than patient with less than five years. These latter patients' reported uncertainty was positively correlated with depression, whereas, patients family support was correlated with uncertainty. The group's uncertainty with less than five years of dialysis explained about 13% of the variance. In contrast, variables of education level, family support, and monthly income were predictors of uncertainty and explained 33% of the variation.
CONCLUSION
These results can provide for nursing intervention to facilitate reduction of uncertainty. To provide dialysis period-sensitive nursing intervention for uncertainty among dialysis patient, depression should be considered below five years. While factors such as education level, family support, and monthly income should be taken into account over five years.

PURPOSE
This is a descriptive research that reports incidents of workplace violence among care helpers.
METHODS
The subjects were 181 care helpers from elderly care facilities and domiciliary elderly welfare centers in Daejeon. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires from July to November 2011. Subjects were asked to report incidents of violence within the previous six months. Data analysis included one-way ANOVA, and logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
Forty-seven percent of care helpers reported verbal violence, 16% reported being physically threatened, more than 21% reported sustaining a physical injury with 2% reporting severe physical injuries. Further, 18.8% of the care givers reported being sexually harassed by client. There were differences in reported workplace violence based on service types, service hours and whether there were policies about workplace violence.
CONCLUSION
To prevent workplace violence for carehelpers, it is necessary to make a policy for preventing violence and develop a violence prevention program to meet service characteristics of facility-based and domiciliary care helpers.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate caregiver burden and health related quality of life (HRQoL) among male spouses who cared for partners with a stroke.
METHODS
The subjects were spouses of 121 female patients who visited the neurology outpatients department in one tertiary hospital located in Seoul between February and April in 2011.
RESULTS
The mean age of the male caregivers was 71.25+/-5.51 years. The mean score of caregiver's burden was moderate (63.28+/-9.85). The average reported caregiving time was 58.48+/-5.51 min/day with the male spouses spending more time in house-working than with caregiving activities. The reported depression and care giving time, plus the cognitive status and functional dependencies of the spouse were significantly related to male caregiver's burden. The mean scores of 'physical health' and 'mental health' for quality of life for the male caregivers was moderate (47.49 and 47.33 respectively). Overall, caregiver's burden has a negative effect on the HRQoL of male spouses.
CONCLUSION
Caregiver's burden and HRQoL are important problems which are in need of nurses' attention. It is suggested that intervention programs for male spouses be developed with a focus on emotional and social support as well as education about the caregiving role.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify registered nurses learning needs about physical assessment. Specifically, what are the perceived competency, frequency of skill use and the unmet training needs.
METHODS
The study was an exploratory survey study. The sample was 104 registered nurses. Data were collected through three instruments: The Perceived Competency in Physical Assessment Scale, the Frequency of Physical Assessment Scale, and the Training Needs of Physical Assessment Scale which incorporated 30 core physical assessment skills. Descriptive statistics, t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
Auscultation of heart and lung sounds and inspection of the spine were rated by the subjects as physical assessment skills they feel least competent and also were less frequently performed. The most competent area for physical assessment was neurological system. The respiratory and abdominal system was identified as two systems that more education would be needed. Nurses with less than one year of working experience reported needing more training. Nurses with more than five years of clinical work experience performed physical assessment more frequently than nurses with less than five year of work experience. The perceived competency was positively related to the frequency of physical assessment.
CONCLUSION
Continuing education is necessary to further train registered nurses regarding physical assessment skills and the program needs to be focused on the area which nurses are less competent for and have high training need.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to understand clinical nurses' level of information retrieval skill and its influence on evidence based practice (EBP).
METHODS
A cross-sectional design was used. Data were collected from a convenient sample of 492 nurses working at 5 university hospitals in Korea. The Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and hierarchical multiple linear regression.
RESULTS
The mean score for information retrieval skill and EBP competency were respectively 2.81+/-0.64 and 3.98+/-0.86. Two step hierarchical regression analysis showed that attendance at academic conference (p=.036) and information retrieval skill (p<.001) were significant factors of EBP competency, information retrieval skill explained about 19% of total variance of EBP competency.
CONCLUSION
Nurse need to increased fundamental information retrieval skill for EBP competency. Therefore, it is important to increase nurses' information retrieval skills by tailoring continuing EBP education modules. It would be also advisable to develop centralized systems for the internal dissemination of research findings for the use of nursing staff.

PURPOSE
This study was to analyzed the types of subjectivity that elderly who live alone caregivers have about the lonely death.
METHODS
This study objectified the subjective area by applying the Q methodology. It studied 24 caregivers in H region, who responded to 34 Q sample statements. The method of forced distribution was practiced regarding the results on a 9 points Q sample distribution chart. The collected data was analyzed using PC QUANL program.
RESULTS
The caregivers' perception of lonely death has been classified into four types: Type 1 ('type of fate-receptive invitation of lonely death'), Type 2 ('type of afterlife-expectantly invitation of lonely death'), Type 3 ('type of death preparation invitation of lonely death'), and type 4 ('type of rejection of lonely death due to attachment with life').
CONCLUSION
The present study attempts to provide basic resources for the development of nursing-intervention program to solve the problems with lonely death by grasping and understanding the types of the caregivers' perception of lonely death through which it also aims to yield information necessary to improve the quality of life in their remaining years.

PURPOSE
The study was to identify the level of Spiritual Health and Fatigue in women with breast cancer according to three treatment phases (post op phase, adjuvant phase, follow up phase).
METHODS
The research method was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Data were collected from 161 women patients with a diagnosis of breast cancer. Both in-patient and out-patient units from two general hospitals were the source of subjects. The subjects completed two standardized instruments: the "Spiritual Health Scale" developed by Highfield and the "Fatigue Scale" developed and revised by Piper. The data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, chi2, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and Multiple regression.
RESULTS
The subscale scores of Self-Esteem of spiritual health and fatigue in patients with breast cancer differed among the three treatment phases (F=3.14, p=.046; F=3.31, p=.039). Significant correlations were found between spiritual health and fatigue. The variables which explained 29% of the variance in fatigue in breast cancer patients were education, religious belief, economic status, and spiritual health.
CONCLUSION
The study results demonstrated that spiritual health significantly explain fatigue. It is needed to develop nursing interventions to improve the spiritual health of breast cancer patients to manage fatigue according to treatment phases.