PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to examine the related factors of quality of life (QOL) among patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
METHODS
Patients diagnosed with COPD (N=230) were recruited from four hospitals in Kyeong-Nam province, from March 2 to November 30, 2010. The data collection instruments were the Short Form 36, perceived dyspnea measure by Modified Medical Research Council, COPD and Asthma Sleep Impact Scale, COPD Self-efficacy Scale, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale were used. Following the completion of the data collection instruments Pulmonary function was tested. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and simultaneous multiple regression using SPSS/WIN.
RESULTS
The mean QOL of this study was 68.24. Using a multivariate approach, the significant correlates of QOL were depression (beta=-.37), dyspnea (beta=-.28), self-efficacy (beta=.20), and a sufficient degree of household income (beta=.16). These variables explained 49% of variance in QOL.
CONCLUSION
The study suggests that psychological aspects are an important factor in explaining QOL of the patients. Screening and minimizing depression could be effective strategies in enhancing QOL of patients with COPD and further investigation to reduce depression could warrant the improvement of QOL in patients with COPD.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to identify the incidence risk of cardicerebrovascular disease (CVD) among male bus drivers, and to examine and compare the predictors of their health behavior according to the level of CVD incidence risk.
METHODS
The convenience sample of 222 male bus drivers were recruited from a bus company located in Jeonnam province. Data were collected from self-reported questionnaires and annual medical examination records from 2010. The CVD incidence risk was calculated based on the risk criteria for industrial workers.
RESULTS
The 26.6% and 26.1% of the participants were in the moderate and high risk group, respectively. The 72% of the participants were in the precontemplation stage and reported no intention to change their unhealthy lifestyles. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that current smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, physical inactivity and lack of knowledge were negative predictors of good health behavior in the normal/low risk group (Adj R2=.443). Heavy alcohol drinking, current smoking, physical inactivity and dyslipidemia were reported by the moderate/high risk group (Adj R2=.427).
CONCLUSION
This study suggested that targeted education and counseling are needed to modify unhealthy lifestyles such as alcohol consumption, smoking and exercise among middle aged male drivers. Especially, dyslipidemia should be managed among those who are at risk for CVD.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to compare depression, somatoform disorders, and quality of life among older adults.
METHODS
Samples of 280 community-dwelling Korean older adults were included. The age range of the participants was 60 to 90 years (average 72.6+/-6.4). The participants were assigned to one of two groups based on reported scores on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index from September 2006 to March 2007. The two groups were designated as "poor sleepers"and "good sleepers". A T-test was used to compare depression, somatoform disorders and quality of life between the two groups.
RESULTS
Forty-six percent of participants reported scores that indicated they were poor sleepers. Poor sleepers reported significantly higher depression scores (p<.001), higher somatoform disorders scores (p<.001), lower for each SF-36 quality of life dimension, and lower mental and physical health summary scores (p<.001) than the reported scores of those participants who were classified as good sleepers.
CONCLUSION
Older adults with poor sleep patterns are more likely to report higher depression, more somatoform disorders and a lower quality of life. Additional research is needed to identify the appropriate nursing interventions aimed at improving sleep quality, depression symptoms, somatoform disorders and the quality of life.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to analyze the characteristics and effect size of published intervention studies related to nausea & vomiting among cancer patients.
METHODS
A total of 1,083 studies were retrieved. From these studies, 20 studies met the inclusion criteria with a total of 698 participants. Two authors independently extracted data from the selected studies and assessed the methodological quality. The data were analyzed by the RevMan 5.0 program of Cochrane library.
RESULTS
The twenty studies utilized various non-pharmacological interventions: Nine studies on acupuncture (45%), Five studies utilized massage (25%), Two studies used oral cryotherapy (10%) and Four studies used other therapies. In the twenty studies the effect size of the intervention studies reported a higher effect sizes for massage (d=-1.62) and acupuncture (d=-0.89).
CONCLUSION
This study suggests that non-drug therapy can reduce the levels of nausea and vomiting intensity. Massage and acupuncture interventions studies were more numerous and this may account for the higher effect rate.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to examine fear of falling, depression, physical fitness, and physical activity and further to identify the factors that predict physical activity among community dwelling elders.
METHODS
This study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey. Participants were 153 community dwelling elders from G city. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi2-test, t-test, ANOVA, and multinominal logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
Activity levers were coded as inactive, minimal activity and enhancing physical active. Thirty-three point three percent reported inactivity, forty-seven point seven percent reported minimal activity and nineteen percent reported health enhancing physical activity. There were significant differences in physical activity relative to gender, age, falling experience, perceived health, and living situation. Further, there was significant difference in fear of falling, depression, and physical fitness by physical activity. For instance, Fear of falling (OR=1.04, p=.014) was a significant predicting factor for physical activity, In contrast for the enhancing physical active the variables of gender (OR=0.28, p=.046), age (OR=0.86, p=.021), perceived health (fair: OR=13.61, p=.006), fear of falling (OR=1.04, p=.026), and two-minute step (OR=1.04, p=.049) were significant.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that physical activity intervention programs are needed to increase physical activity for community dwelling elders. Physical activity intervention programs should be developed and evaluated.

PURPOSE
Fatigue is a common problem in Parkinson's disease (PD), affecting 30~65% of patients with that diagnosis. Only recently has fatigue been recognized as an important clinical feature of PD. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of fatigue and related factors in patients with PD.
METHODS
Between March 1, and September, 30, 2010, a sample of 181 PD patients agreed to be interviewed.
RESULTS
The female patients' PFS (Parkinson Fatigue Scale) score was higher than those of the male patients. Household income and having a Job were significantly correlated with the PFS scores. Among the disease characteristics, motor fluctuations, dyskinesia and modified Hoehn and Yahr stage were significantly correlated with the PFS scores. On stepwise regression analysis, the most important factors related to the PFS scores were depression and sleep disturbance.
CONCLUSION
Fatigue in patients with PD was associated with many factors and strongly associated with depression and sleep disturbance. Fatigue is a multidimensional construct; therefore, multidimensional strategies for relieving specific aspects of fatigue are needed.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence medication adherence and self-care among low-income older adults with hypertension.
METHODS
A sample of 297 low-income older adults with hypertension was recruited from June 30 to July 30, 2010. Data collection was done using a face-to-face interview with structured questions. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and path analysis.
RESULTS
Subjective health status, duration of hypertension, number of drugs excluding antihypertensives, body mass index, knowledge about hypertension, sense of coherence, benefit, barrier, and self-efficacy were identified as significant predictors. Subjective health status and duration of hypertension, knowledge, depression, and self-care showed direct effects on medication adherence. Depression had the strongest direct influence on medication adherence. Body mass index, benefit, self-efficacy, and depression showed a direct effect on self-care. Sense of coherence was a strong predictor of depression which significantly influenced on medication adherence and self-care.
CONCLUSION
For enhancing medication adherence and self-care, it is suggested that a psycho-education program reducing depression and increasing knowledge about hypertension should be provided into low-income older adults with hypertension.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to examine the level of physical activities at time points of pre-illness and current treatment, and the differences in body mass index (BMI), anxiety, depression and fatigue according to their physical activity in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.
METHODS
The survey was used with 126 cancer patients undergoing daily chemotherapy at injection room, cancer clinic of C University Hospital in G city. Data were collected from June to September, 2009 using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi-square, Fisher's exact test and t-test using SPSS/WIN15.0.
RESULTS
The significant increase in physical activity was reported from pre-illness to the time in treatment (chi2=69.027, p<.001). The anxiety level of the group with increased physical activity was significantly lower than those who did not (t=-2.218, p =.028). There were no significant differences in BMI, depression, and fatigue according to physical activity.
CONCLUSION
The level of physical activity was significantly associated with the anxiety level of the cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Cancer patients should been encouraged regular physical activity during chemotherapy treatment. And an appropriative nursing intervention should be established in order to motivate cancer patients to increase physical activity.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to explore the relationship of depression with stress, anxiety and mindfulness in nursing students in 2010.
METHODS
A cross-sectional design was used and data was collected through structured questionnaires. Depression, stress, anxiety, and mindfulness were measured by using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) and the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). The data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression.
RESULTS
A total of 131 nursing students participated in this study. Depression was positively associated with stress (r=.81, p<.001) and anxiety (r=.76, p<.001), and negatively associated with mindfulness (r=-.73, p<.001). Multiple regression analyses showed that in different type of residence, anxiety and mindfulness were statistically significant predictors of depression with explanatory power of 67%.
CONCLUSION
When nurse instructors manage depression among nursing students, the strategies need to address stress, anxiety, and mindfulness. This study may help nursing students to better manage their depression.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to identify the relationship between preventive behavior and health belief about Hepatitis A among young adults.
METHODS
The sample consisted of 197 participants between the ages of twenty and forty. The data were collected from May 3 to May 30 2011 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, chi2 test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. Preventive Behavior's Scale about Hepatitis A and Health Belief's Scale about Hepatitis A were used for data collection.
RESULTS
The mean scores of health behavior (2.97+/-0.34) and preventive behavior (2.46+/-0.30) about Hepatitis A were about average degree. The participant's characteristics with preventive behavior were significantly different according to type of residence (chi2=4.74, p=.040), experience of obtained knowledge about Hepatitis A (chi2=5.68 p=.018) and attitude about Hepatitis A (chi2=15.20, p<.001). Significant correlations were found between health behavior and preventive behavior with Hepatitis A (r=.20, p=.005). The preventive behavior had a significant positive correlation with susceptibility (r=.22, p=.001), severity (r=.17, p=.015), and benefit (r=.32, p<.001) towards Hepatitis A as the details of the health belief.
CONCLUSION
These findings indicate that health belief may be necessary to improve compliance with preventive behavior on Hepatitis A among young adults. It is necessary to develop the strategy of reinforcing health belief in complying with preventive behavior for preventing the occurrence of Hepatitis A.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a walking and resistance exercise on body composition and lipid profile in obese women.
METHODS
Fourty three women were assigned to experimental group (n=21) or control group (n=22). The walking and resistance exercise using elastic band was provided three times a week for 12 weeks. Weight, height, body mass index, body fat percentage, abdominal fatness, skeletal muscle mass, body fatness, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol were measured before and after the program. Paired and independent t-tests were performed using SAS program.
RESULTS
Weight (t=-5.35, p<.001), body mass index (t=-4.12, p<.001), body fat percentage (t=-2.33, p=.026), and body fatness (t=-4.32, p<.001) were significantly decreased and skeletal muscle mass (t=2.09, p=.044) was significantly increased after the walking and resistance exercise. Also, total cholesterol (t=-3.03, p=.006) and LDL cholesterol (t=-2.70, p=.011) were significantly decreased and HDL cholesterol (t=2.05, p=.046) was significantly increased after the exercise program.
CONCLUSION
According to the study result, exercise led a positive outcome on obese women in their 30~40s. The walking and resistance exercise will contribute to the improving body composition and lipid profile in this population.