PURPOSE
The positive effects of health behaviors in older population are well recognized, but maintenance of health habits was more difficult than initiation. The purposes of the study were to identify predictors of health behavior based on motivation theories, and to analyze predicting power of motivational factors to explain health behaviors in older adults.
METHODS
The data were collected from older adults either institutionalized or living in the community. Total of 159 subjects with 72 years old in average were recruited for an interview. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis were utilized to analyze the data with age, residential type, and motivational variables.
RESULTS
The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that age and residential type explained 3% of variance in health behaviors (F=3.705, p=0.027). When motivational variables were entered, additional 56.9% of variance were explained by the model (F=33.275, p<0.001). Among motivational variables, perceived benefits was the most important variable (beta=0.346, t=4.582, p<0.001), followed by self efficacy, emotional salience, and perceived barriers.
CONCLUSION
Considering the importance of each motivational variable, the focus of intervention strategies to assist older adults to maintain health behaviors should be on modifiable and important motivational variables, such as self-efficacy, perceived benefits and barriers, and emotional salience.

PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to investigate medical records and to develop care records for management of patients with chest pain in the emergency department.
METHOD
Retrospective review of the 42 medical chart of patients presented to the emergency department with chest pain were used. The collected data were analyzed with a frequency of items in the medical records.
RESULTS
In a frequency analysis of recorded items for doctors' chest pain assessment during history taking, the history/risk factors was the highest rank. The following ranks were 'commenced with when/ timing, extra symptoms, place, nature, stay/ radiate, alleviate/aggravate, intensity' in sequence. In a frequency of recorded items in nurse's progress notes according to nursing actions, the 'checking/monitoring' was the highest rank. The following ranks were 'performing, administering/injecting, referring/ arranging, testing, preparing/catheterizing, teaching/informing' in sequence. Chest pain care records for the emergency department was designed, based upon data analysis and literature review.
CONCLUSION
The designed records can be a rapid and effective approach tool for assessment and recording of patients with chest pain. Further research is necessary for evaluating the designed chest pain care records.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate the pattern of physical restraints used in ICUs and to identify influencing factors of application and removal of restraints.
METHOD
The subjects of this study were 90 restrained patients out of 215 patients over 6 years old who were admitted to 6 ICUs in SMC during a 2 weeks period. The data was collected through a questionnaire of characte-ristics, guidelines and nursing care of restraint uses. The data were analyzed by non-parametric statistic with the use of the SAS program.
RESULTS
The restraints were applied to 31.4% of subjects. Mean time of physical restraint was 36.76 55.7 hours. There were significant difference with mean time and frequency according to duty shift. GCS, restless behavior and discomfort factors, medical devices, and life sustaining devices had significant relation with application of restraints. In addition, the mean time of restraints used were related significantly with GCS, restless behavior, and discomfort factors.
CONCLUSION
The used of restraints were dependent on mainly the nurses' decision. Thus ICU nurses have to develop the guidelines to applying restraints and removal of restraints in regard to patients rights and ethics. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of application of the restraints is essential in professional nursing.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted, on the basis of the Theory of Planned Behavior to analyze factors influencing on undergraduate students' sexual behavior and to provide basic guidelines for the intervention of promoting sex education in school.
METHOD
The participants of this study consisted of 284 under-graduate students at 3 colleges and 3 universities in Seoul. SPSS 10.0 win program was used and descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, multiple regression and logistic regression were used to evaluate the influencing factors on undergraduate students' sexual behavior.
RESULTS
The results of this study can be summarized as follows; For undergraduate students, perceived behavioral control, and attitude of sexual behavior could explain 43% of the variance in intention of sexual behavior. However, subjective norm didn't influence sexual behavioral intention. For undergraduate students, perceived behavioral control, sexual behavioral intention were factors influencing sexual behavior, and these factors could explain 43% of the variance in sexual behavior.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the interventive sex education that is upright and healthy will be needed to strengthen perceived behavioral control and sexual behavioral intention as influencing factors on sexual behavior in adolescent and young adults.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to examine predictors of anxiety and PTSD in battered women.
METHOD
The data were collected from 555 women who were stratified samples according to 15,000:1 from a target population in Korea from November 18, 2004 to February 18, 2005. The data was analysed using the SPSS program.
RESULTS
Predictors of anxiety were self esteem, stress, state anger, social support, trait anger, negotiation, and psychological violence. These variables explained 55.8% of anxiety. Predictors of PTSD were self esteem, state anger, trait anger, psychological violence, stress, and anger-in. These variables explained 43.2% of PTSD.
CONCLUSION
It is considered that the importance of separating the effects of the different types of violence when taking into account its effects on women's mental health. To promote women's mental health, it is needed to develop self esteem improvement programs, and anger and stress management programs.

PURPOSE
This study was to predict the stage of exercise behavior change in undergraduate students and to identify the factors affecting exercise behavior change by using the trans theoretical Model.
METHOD
The subjects were 193 undergraduate students at K and D university in D city. Data were collected by questionnaire surveys using convenience sampling and analyzed by SPSS 12.0 program.
RESULTS
77.7% of 193 nursing students do not exercise or they exercise irregularly. Exercise self-efficacy score and exercise benefits score were decreased with advancing exercise stage, on the other hand exercise barriers score and the process of exercise behavior change score were increased. In addition to this, the results revealed that stage of exercise behavior was significantly correlated with the process of exercise behavior change, exercise benefits, exercise barriers and exercise self-efficacy.
CONCLUSION
These results suggested that the process of exercise behavior change, exercise decisional balance and exercise self-efficacy can be potential affecting factors for the stages of behavior change in university students. Therefore, these findings give useful information for educating nurse to construct nursing service programs focused on the stage of behavior change.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to offer the baseline data for developing a systematic and high quality of clinical practice guideline by exploring how nurses utilize clinical guidelines and what they need for.
METHOD
This study has been done with 242 nurses of a university hospital in Daegu using a self-administered questionnaire. The instrument used in this study was developed by researchers based on the results of the previous studies. Data analysis was done with SPSS 11.0 Program.
RESULTS
Nurses felt that clinical guidelines were not sufficiently disseminated to update their clinical knowledge education. Nurses showed the strong demand for developing clinical practice guidelines with the newest and systematic evidence. However, a relatively low number of nurses knew evidence-based nursing and evidence-based clinical guidelines.
CONCLUSION
It is necessary to develop an educational program for evidence-based nursing and an evidence-based nursing clinical practice guideline for nurses and to explore the strategies for development and dissemination of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines to solve the urgent and frequent clinical problems.

PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to provide baseline data for nursing service program and to elevate the quality of service by examining whether nurses' nursing service is related to job stress, job satisfaction, organi-zational commitment, leadership and nursing service satisfaction in hospitals.
METHOD
Subjects were 135 nurses and 135 patients, working and being in the hospitals in C province < D city from November. 7 to 21, 2005 and completed a structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis.
RESULTS
The most powerful predictor of nursing service was leadership(60.7%). Altogether leadership, nursing service satisfaction, organizational commitment, and work stress explained 72.5% of nursing service of the nurses in hospitals.
CONCLUSION
The results showed the nurses' nursing service in hospitals was influenced by leadership, nursing service satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job stress. It suggested that concepts of leadership, nursing service satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job stress should be considered in developing nursing services programs.

PURPOSE
This study was to analyze the research trends centering on the theses and articles related to reflexology released in Korea.
METHOD
This study is a descriptive study in which the researcher collected the academic degrees and theses published on the book of the academic society from 1983 to August 2005, and examined 52 domestic dissertations and articles on reflexology.
RESULTS
By academic department, the result were: the nursing theses 25(48.1%), and public health and physical education each 4(7.7%). In the type of reflexology, the result were: single therapy like hand acupuncture or hand moxibustion 27(61.4%), combined therapy 17(38.6%). As for the research design, the experimental research was most frequent (84.6%). As for the subject, the result were: healthy people 31(59.6.%), patient 11(21.1%), medical staff 7(14.9%) in order. In the theme of the theses, the effect of therapy were most frequent(84.6%).
CONCLUSION
Researches about reflexology should be conducted and extend into interdisciplinary fields and medical areas. On the basis of preceding results, qualitative studies and international and cross-sectional comparison studies are needed to apply in practice with scientific background.

PURPOSE
The purposes of this study was to identify the health status, health-related life habits, activities of daily living and biophysical index of the elderly in Korea and Japan respectively, and to compare the Korean elderly with those of the Japanese elderly.
METHOD
Two hundred ninety five elderly from Korea and 325 elderly from Japan, aged over 65 years were conveniently recruited from welfare centers in both countries. Health status, health-related life habits, and activities of daily living were assessed by self-report questionnaires. BMI, lean body mass, body fat, body fat rate, muscle area of limbs and grip strength were measured for biophysical indices. Descriptive statistics, non paired t-test and Chi-square test were used to describe and to compare the levels of these variables.
RESULTS
The mean scores on frequencies of Korean and Japanese elders' chronic diseases were 2.9 and 0.8. The mean scores on activities of daily living were 9.8 and 12.4 respectively. The Korean elderly had higher mean scores of BMI, and body fat rate than The Japanese elderly, and showed lower mean scores of muscle areas of the lower extremities and grip strength. Hypertension was the most prevalent disease in the both groups.
CONCLUSION
Significant differences in several variables of health status, health-related life habits, activities of daily living and biophysical index were noted between the Korean and Japanese elderly.

PURPOSE
This study elicited Korean students' experiences of nursing practice at geriatric hospitals.
METHOD
A purposive sample of 26 Korean nursing students was recruited from K College of Nursing located in Daegu, Korea. Inclusion criteria were nursing students who: 1) finished nursing practice at geriatric hospitals, 2) were oriented and communicable, and 3) understood research purpose and agreed to participate in this study. Individuals were interviewed using Q-methodology.
RESULTS
The majority of the participants had experience of living with the elderly and volunteering related to elder care. Data analysis showed that participants' experiences of nursing practices were consisted of three types: skill acquiring-oriented, relationship-oriented, and practice system-oriented.
CONCLUSION
Nursing practices at geriatric hospitals provided opportunities of having positive attitude toward the elderly for nursing students. Nursing students' experiences were divided into at least three different types. Nursing educators need to develop curriculum for gerontological nursing practice tailoring to theses differences.

PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to analyze the core nursing interventions that are used in the medical and surgical units, and to present the basic data that can be applied in clinical fields.
METHOD
The data was collected from 353 nurses of the medical and surgical units from Jan. 2005 to Dec. 2005, using the database of nursing process record system used at a tertiary hospital.
RESULTS
190 interventions were performed in the medical units, with 21 core nursing interventions. 198 interventions were performed in the surgical units, with 16 core nursing interventions. There were 11 common core nursing interventions.
CONCLUSION
The results revealed that the ratio of physiological interventions and the interventions related to safety were high. The interventions were classified according to one's field of specialization, together with the common interventions were also being performed. According to the changes in the demands of consumers, there was also increases in the performance of 'pain management' and 'fall prevention.' We expect that this study will allow for the performance of standardized interventions, and that it will be helpful in the role of the experienced nurse, and in the approach to the nursing specialty.

PURPOSE
This study investigated the effects of a 'overcoming cancer program' on knowledge, self efficacy, and quality of life, therapeutic compliance for patients with lung cancer.
METHOD
Research design of this study was a nonequivalent control group quasi-experimental study. Subjects for this study were 16 lung cancer patients for the control group, and 12 lung cancer patients for the experimental group. The experimental group participated in the program once a week for 4 weeks. Data were collected before and after the program. Nonparametric statistics were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
The results of this study were as follows: In the pretest, there were no significant differences in general characteristics, knowledge, self efficacy and quality of life between the two groups. In the posttest, there were significant differences in knowledge, self efficacy between the experimental and the control groups. But there were no significant differences in therapeutic compliance and quality of life between the two groups.
CONCLUSION
From the results above, it can be concluded that program was effective to improve knowledge and self-efficacy for patients with lung cancer.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine internet addiction, self-esteem and loneliness in adolescents.
METHOD
Subjects were middle and high school students in Daegu (N=486). Self-rating questionnaire included demographic data, the Korean version of Young internet addiction scale, self-rating self-esteem and loneliness scale. We have received the consent from teachers and students.
RESULTS
Among the subjects, 34% was addicted and internet addiction was significantly different according to gender, record at school, economic status, attitude of mother, father, teacher and friend about internet. There were significant differences in self-esteem and loneliness according to internet addiction. Internet addiction, self-esteem and loneliness were related to each other.
CONCLUSION
These results indicate that internet addiction would be changed according to gender, record at school, economic status, attitude of mother, father, teacher and friend about internet. Therefore, further studies are needed to generalize these results and examine widely the related variables of internet addiction.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12-week brisk walking and brisk walking plus diet program on C-Reactive Protein(CRP) in middle-aged obese hypertriglycemic(triglyceride > or =150 mg/dl) Korean women.
METHOD
The subjects were 16 obese (BMI > or =25) hypertriglycemic middle-aged women (7 for brisk walking group, 9 for brisk walking plus diet group) who participated in a health promotion program at one public health center. Initially the brisk walking intervention consisted of walking for 20 minutes/day at an intensity of 40 to 50% of heart rate reserve(HRR) for 3 days/week and progressed to 50 minutes/day, 60 to 70% of their HRR, and 6 days/week. The diet intervention consisted of 60 minutes of group education and 20 to 30 minutes of individual counseling with a nutritionist every week. Data were analyzed with SPSS PC program.
RESULTS
There was no significant reduction in CRP levels in both brisk walking (Z=-1.70, p=0.088) and brisk walking plus diet group(Z=-0.31, p=0.752). In brisk walking only group, CRP levels were increased after the intervention.
CONCLUSION
Brisk walking could increase the level of CRP when it is in the course of progression and diet could decrease the acute phase inflammatory response.