PURPOSE
To exam how functional status varied according to age, gender, stage, treatment protocols, and pathologic types of cancer in lung cancer patients.
METHOD
A Cross-sectional and descriptive study was used. Functional status was measured with the Medical Outcome Study Short Form-36. A total of 106 lung cancer patients participated. Their mean age was 61 years. Majorities were male, in advanced stages, and receiving chemotherapy.
RESULT
Functional status of the subjects were relatively low compared to the results of previous studies. Women had more severe functional limitations in Role-Emotion(t=2.17, p <.05). Generally, older patients(> 60 yrs.) had relatively more severe limitations in all subcategories, but the difference was not statistically significant. Subjects in late lung cancer stage(stage III and IV) had more severe functional limitation in all subcategories. But the statistical difference was found only in General Health(t=2.10, p<.05). In terms of treatment protocol, no-current treatment group had lower General Health than those of the chemotherapy group(F=3.42, p<.01). There were no statistical differences in functional status among pathological cancer cell types.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study suggest that effective management may be achieved when these factors are considered on individual basis in the clinical management of lung cancer patients.

PURPOSE
This study was performed to identify the illness intrusiveness, quality of life, and their relationships in patients with chronic liver disease.
METHOD
Data was collected using scales of illness intrusiveness developed by Devins et al and Korean health related quality of life (KoQoLS) developed by Shim et al to measure the illness intrusiveness and quality of life from 141 chronic liver disease patients.
RESULT
The total mean score of illness intrusiveness was 38.85+/-18.45. The domain of illness intrusiveness which showed the highest mean score was health (4.60+/-2.02), and the lowest mean score domain was relationship with spouse (2.04+/-1.69). The subcategory of KoQoLS which showed the highest mean score was bodily pain (6.96+/-2.98), and the lowest mean score subcategory was vitality (2.75+/-1.20). There were negative relationships between illness intrusiveness and KoQoLS in all subcategories. Abovel all, Illness intrusiveness had the strongest negative relationship with role limitation (r=-0.641) among the KoQoLS subcategories.
CONCLUSION
Because the illness intrusiveness had negative influence on the quality of life in patients with chronic liver disease, further research will need to specify detailed illness intrusiveness and to explore influencing factors on quality of life in them.

PURPOSE
This study was to identify nursing interventive strategies centering around the meaning structure of elderly women self-esteem.
METHOD
This study is based on a phenomenological approach. The participants were 6 women over the age of 65 selected in Mullae Senior Club or Yeongdeungpo Senior Welfare Center. The data was collected by in-depth and open- ended interviews from May to September, 2001. The analysis of the data was used the phenomenological analytic method suggested by Giorgi(1970).
RESULT
Two essential themes in the self- esteem of relationships the elderly women emerged: (1) Self-identification through human relations: (2) The ability for self-control.
CONCLUSION
There is a variety of programs and social meetings to confirm self and support systems, whether on the governmental level or the personal level, to help the ability for self-control should be expected to live a more qualitative life and successful aging for elderly women. In addition, this study will offer a better understanding of elderly women within the social and cultural context of South Korea.

PURPOSE
This study was to identify the meaning of the lived experiences, to describe of the meaning structures and to develop the strategies of nursing intervention centering to these meanings of the smoking cessation.
METHOD
This study was derived from a phenomenological analytic method suggested by Giorgi. The participants in this study were five adults who had the previous experience of smoking cessation. The data were collected from September of 2001 to April of 2002 through systemic interviews and participatory observations. Average of five interviews were performed, and each interview lasted an hour and half.
RESULT
The meaning of smoking cessation was categorized with nine components. That is (1) obstinacy of the habit of smoking ; difficulty of endurance, succumb to temptation of smoking, repetition of smoking and smoking cessation, habit-forming. (2) Bring about a symptom of improving ; took place headache, expectoration of sputum, sense of instability. (3) Waver in worthy ; doubts about smoking cessation, ridiculed smoking cessation. (4) Be narrowed social life ; become estranged from friends. (5) Futility ; unnecessary, harm. (6) Self-repression ; occurred indomitable mind, strong will, endurance. (7) Gratification ; self-admiration, receive praise from family. (8) Delightfulness ; clean in body and clothes, be disgusted with the foul order of smoking. (9) Improvement in welfare ; a clear mind and good memory, improve in health, have a good appetite.
CONCLUSION
The nursing intervention must be focused on these concerns to accomplish successful smoking cessation program.

PURPOSE
This study were to investigate BMD of middle-aged women and to examine the relationships between BMD and Physical, Obstetric characteristics METHOD: The data was collected from 119 healthy women who were 40-60 years old. they were examined for BMD at 4 regions(forearm, lumbar, femur, whole body), %fat by DEXA and investigated physical, obstetric characteristics using scale, questionnaire from January to March, 2001.
RESULT
1) According to bone diagnostic results by WHO classification, 95.8% of forearm and whole body BMD were normal but 21.8-48.7% of lumbar and femur BMD(neck, trochanter, ward's triangle) were diagnosed osteoporosis or osteopnea. 2) The bones were significantly positive correlations of each other (r=.19-.69, p=.04-.00) and there were significant correlations between BMD and physical, obstetric characteristics such as age (r=-.22, p=.02), weight(r=.36~.48, p=.00), height(r=.22, p=.02), %fat(r=.19, p=.04) and age of first delivery(r=-.28, p=.00).
CONCLUSION
Based on this study, healthy middle-aged women were also exposed to risk of osteoporosis related to aging, change of physical conditions or hormonal release. Further research to develop nursing interventions for the purpose of preventing osteoporosis by modifying risk factors is suggested.

PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to compare symptoms, medical therapies, and nursing interventions with terminal cancer patients during the last four weeks of their lives in a hospice unit and general units.
METHOD
For the descriptive survey study, data were collected by reviewing the medical records of 243 patients who died of terminal cancer at K hospital in Seoul. The data was analyzed by using Chi-square test and t-test.
RESULT
The study findings are summarized as follows: There were higher frequencies in physical symptoms of constipation, itching sensation, pain, sleeping disturbance, soreness and dysuria for those patients in the hospice unit than those patient in general units. All emotional symptoms were recorded significantly higher for those patients in the hospice unit than those in general units. Regarding the major medical interventions, pain management was used more significantly for those patients in the hospice unit, but antibiotic therapy and resuscitation were used more significantly for those patients in general units.
CONCLUSION
The hospice unit provided more comprehensive nursing interventions including psychological, spiritual, and family cares as well as physiological care for terminal cancer patients. The facts showed that those patients who would need hospice care in general units should be referred to the hospice unit at an appropriate time.

PURPOSE
to develop an instrument to assess the rehabilitation motivation and to test its reliability and validity.
METHOD
The data was collected with in-depth interviews of nine participants that include adults with disabilities acquired after they reached 18 years' of age. The development of the preliminary items was based on the theory of self-determination proposed by Deci and Ryan (1985) and the results from the analysis of the data. After these, appropriate specialists clarified the validity of the contents of the preliminary items twice. A test to reliability and validity was conducted with 186 disabled. A principal axis factor analysis with oblimin rotation was performed on 29 items.
RESULT
Finally 27 items were selected. The 5-factor solution emerged as the most appropriate model for the data. The different types of motivation for rehabilitation were identified as: task-oriented motivation, change- oriented motivation, obligatory motivation, external motivation, and amotivation. The alpha coefficient of internal consistency was .85.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study suggest that the instrument to measure motivation for the rehabilitation of the disabled may be a useful instrument with a high degree of reliability and validity.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to describe qualitatively the entities of nurse's experiences in general hospitals and to suggest basic data guiding research on developing Standards of clinical nursing practice in Korea.
METHOD
Fourteen nurses working at general hospitals with over 300 beds in Seoul were interviewed in-depth until saturation using tape-recorders and transcription.
RESULT
The central theme of clinical nursing practice experienced by subjects was "being with clients" that means accepting client's personal character, solving client's needs and providing client-centered nursing. A also "being with clients" was felt to be the responsibility of nurses which was learned from their nursing schools. The nursing strategies performed in order to be with patients were proving skillful nursing techniques, accepting, educating, emotional support, advocating, and self-reflecting, the subjects experienced somewhat problematic affects such as difficulties in interpersonal relationship, work overload, negative image of nursing, deficit of self-confidence for nursing actions, poor working conditions, and unfair treatment. Nurses at the hospital practiced with pride when they felt that they were accepted by clients.
CONCLUSION
Further research is needed to analysis problems in clinical practice and the comparison of nurses' experiences of clinical practice, with nurses' experiences in various settings.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a cardiac rehabilitation program for patients with myocardial infarction.
METHOD
The subjects were 45 myocardial infarction patients(22 for experimental group and 23 for the control group). Data were collected through questionnaire survey, blood test, and the treadmill test, between October 1, 1999 and December 31, 2000. As for data analyses, paired and unpaired t-test and x2 test were adopted using the SAS program.
RESULT
1. The post-test revealed that increase in compliance score of health behavior was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. 2. The increase in HDL cholesterol was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group, in the post-test. 3. The experimental group showed significantly higher duration of exercise time and maximal METs than the control group after the program.
CONCLUSION
The above findings indicate that a cardiac rehabilitation program was effective in increasing compliance of health behaviors, serum HDL cholesterol level, duration of exercise time, and maximal METs in patients with myocardial infarction. Accordingly, we can adopt the individualized cardiac rehabilitation programs as a nursing intervention.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this correlational study was to identify relationships among job stress, health beliefs and health behaviors of aircrews and contributing factors to aircrew's health promoting behaviors.
METHOD
Two-hundred twenty-four aircrew members completed questionnaires. The questionnaires were composed of a demographic form, health behavior scale, self-efficacy scale, perceived benefit scale, perceived barrier scale, job demand scale, and latitude scale.
RESULT
The subject's health behavior has shown significant correlations with self-efficacy, benefit, and barrier. Significant negative correlations were found between job stress and self-efficacy. Relationships between job stress and barriers were also statistically significant. In demographic features, statistically significant difference were found between subject's rank and job stress score. Also, there was a significant difference between health behavior and the subject's age.
CONCLUSION
Future efforts should focus on the development of a program to consider aircrew's perceived benefits, perceived barriers and self-efficacy to the compliance of health promoting behaviors.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of hardiness, job stress, and burnout in nurses, and to identify predictors of burnout.
METHOD
Empirical data were collected from 154 staff nurses at one university hospital in Gwangju city. Self- reported questionnaires were composed of the Personal Views Survey(PVS), job stress scale, Tedium scale, and 7 items asking nurse's general characteristics. Data analysis was done with a SAS package.
RESULT
In correlation analysis, hardiness, job stress, and nursing satisfaction had significant correlation with burnout. In stepwise multiple regression, 28.7% of the variance in burnout was accounted for by nursing satisfaction(19.9%), job stress(6.0%), and hardiness(2.8%). Among subscales of hardiness, only commitment was a significant predictor, so nursing satisfaction, job stress, and commitment explained 28.9% of variance in burnout.
CONCLUSION
Based on the findings of this study, the development of program for nurses to increase nursing satisfaction is needed, and more studies to examine causal relationship between nursing satisfaction and burnout is also highly recommended.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the influencing factor to self actualization in middle-aged women.
METHOD
The subjects for this study were 191 middle-aged women selected by convenience sampling in three cities. Data collection was done using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression.
RESULT
The results of this study were as follows: 1. The relationship between self-efficacy, social support, self esteem, motivation for achievement, parental satisfaction with children and self-actualization were found to have statistically significant positive correlations. But the relationship between depression and self-actualization were found to have statistically significant negative correlation. 2. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor was social support. Social support, motivation for achievement and self esteem accounted for 38.1% of the variance in self-actualization in middle aged women.
CONCLUSION
According to these results, it is recommended that in order to enhance self-actualization in middle-aged women, empowerment of social support, motivation for achievement and self esteem should be pursued.

No abstract available.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to identify factors that affect coping with fatigue in middle-aged men according to Q-methodology and to provide basic strategies for health promotion.
METHOD
25 subjects in Seoul, Incheon, Chung-buk classified 24 selected Q-statements in to 9 points standard. The collected data were analyzed by using a QUNAL pc program.
RESULT
Principal component analysis identified 3 types of coping with fatigue among middle-aged Korean men. 1st Type: Coping with fatigue through various kinds of game, using alcohol, smoking cigarette other than rest and sleep. 2nd Type : Coping with fatigue through rest and sleep, taking medicine or food which helps relieving fatigue. 3rd Type : Coping with fatigue through acitivities such as sports or trip other than sleep.
CONCLUSION
We have found how Korean middle-aged men cope against fatigue through this research. To setup and apply different nursing intervention on each type based on this result is needed.

PURPOSE
This research was done to establish a theoretical foundation for the adjustment process of patients with hemophilia.
METHOD
For this study, 14 patients with hemophilia participated. The data was collected through the in-depth interviews and analysed in terms of Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory methodology.
RESULT
The core category was identified with "uncertainty". The adjustment process was classified into two stages: the 'unstable stage' before the moment they learn about the Hemophilia Foundation and the 'stable stage' since then. The two stages were further divided into four groups, namely 'the stage of isolation ', 'the stage of maintaining survival', 'the stage of pursuing hope', 'the stage of ambivalence'. The categories of these stages include a series of subcategories to describe the adjustment of patients. The quality of life for these patients has increasingly improved based on support from hemophiliac organizations. But due to the uncertainty of disease, the patients have four stages of adjustment process from the stage of isolation to that of ambivalence and might turn to feedback.
CONCLUSION
Therefore the nursing interventions reflecting adjustment process of patients with hemophilia should be developed.