The purpose of this study was to develop and test the validity of standardized Korean nomenclature of the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP), developed by the International Council of Nursing (ICN). The four phases of the study were: (1) Two professors and 15 graduate students translated who were taking a nursing intervention course, translated nursing phenomena and nursing action of the ICNP into Korean; (2) 12 nurses with various clinical backgrounds reviewed the nomenclature taking into consideration of the definition, and contents for each Korean nursing terminology, and the Delphi method was used to determine the best appropriate nomenclature for each terminology; (3) 20 academic and clinical experts in nursing were given a questionnaire to rate the validity of each Korean nomenclature using a 5 point Likert scale ranging from very inappropriate to very appropriate; (4) five members of the Korean Nurses Association Research Committee reviewed the survey results and determined the most appropriate Korean nomenclature for each nursing phenomena and activity of the ICNP. Most nomenclature of the ICNP had a score of more than 4.0, but four nursing phenomena had a score between 3.5 and 4.0: Unilateral neglect(3.86), Care Giver strain (3.86), Health denial(3.86), Health Adjustment (3.86) and draining(2.63) . In nursing activity 726 items, except for twelve items, had a score of over 4.0: Drainage(2.63) Weaning(3.13), Caring(3.75), Cold Wrapping(3.63), distraction Technique(3.57), drawing(3.88), Establishing Report with(3.5), Heating Wrapping(3.5), Manipulating(3.75), Performing(3.88), Reading material(3.75) and Restricting(3.75).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between hypertension and risk factors. A positive association between obesity, age, serum lipid and such life style factors as smoking, exercise, alcoholic beverage use with blood pressure problems and the prevalence of hypertension has been described in many studies. Therefore to identify and evaluate the effects of variables, which were known to be related to hypertension, multiple regression analysis was performed. We studied 110 subjects. The participants were 45 men and 65 women who visited one university hospital located in Seoul from January to December 1998. All 110 persons were identified as having primary hypertension by their physicians. The significant risk factors identified for hypertension were Obesity, BMI, length of time with hypertension. The results were as follows; 1. The systolic blood pressure average in 110 subjects was 156.65mmHg +/- 14.08mmHg, the diastolic blood pressure average was 100.73mmHg +/- 5.64mmHg. 18.2% of the subjects were smokers, 26.4% of the subjects were drinkers, and 33.6% of the subjects exercised regularly. 13.6% had a family history of hypertension. The average mean pressure was 119.37 +/- 7.40mmHg. The average history of hypertension was 28.36 +/- 34.56months. The average body weight of subjective was 65.25kg, and their average BMI was 24.54kg/m2. The average serum cholesterol of the subjects was 204.54mg/dl, HDL was 50.93mg/dl. 2. The result of this study were that variables which showed significance rationale for high systolic blood pressure in hypertension were mean arterial pressure(R2=0.808), and age(R2=0.032). And the variables which showed significance rationale for diastolic blood pressure in hypertension were mean arterial pressure(R2=0.697), age(R2=0.051), sex(R2=0.014), and somking(R2=0.010). And the best variable for prediction of mean blood pressure was the length of history of the disease. 3. According to multiple regression analysis by demographic variables, age and the length of history of hypertension were predictable variables for hypertension. And mean the blood pressure was identified best explaining variable of hypertension by biophysical variables. Therefore, life style modification for hypertension patients as a primary regimen is less important than for normal blood pressure patients. Life style modification is important intervention for normal blood pressure subjects, on the other hand drug therapy and its compliance is the most important intervention for hypertensive subjects. So to regulate blood pressure and prevent the complication of hypertension, the first regime of all should pharmacologic therapy. There is a need to develop nursing intervention to improve pharmacologic compliance for primary hypertension patients.

The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of a self efficacy scale which was revised for Korean adolescents. The self efficacy scale was based on 48 smoking situations, developed by Best and Hakstian (1978), and was revised according to situations which tempt Korean adolescents to smoke. The 18 situations which were believed to have true characteristics of a temptation to smoke for Korean adolescents. The psychometric evaluation was done on 281 high school adolescents. The result revealed a high internal consistency Alpha coefficient of .97, Principal Component Factor Analysis with a varimax rotation which resulted in 3 factors with more than 1.0 of eigen value. The three factors were 'negative feelings, interpersonal relationship', 'dependence ', and 'self image'. There was a significant positive correlation of r=.290 between this self efficacy scale and the scale of intention for smoking cessation, and a significant negative correlation of r=-.330 between number of cigarettes they smoked. The result indicated that the self efficacy scale measuring adolescents' degree of efficacy in a smoking tempted situation was reliable and valid. Further application of research in the various age and sex groups was recommended for a generalization of the scale.

The purpose of this study was about the experience of middle aged women's aging process. The qualitative research method used was the phenomenological approach. This study tried to discover meaning of life and to understand real experiences of their life and to explore the essence of middle aged women's experience of aging. Furthermore, this study tried to establish of concept of middle age women's holistic health and to help of theoretical development to improve the health. The interviewees were 12 members. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with audiotape recording done by the investigators over a period of five months. The data were analyzed Colaizzi method, new data were continuously coded into statements, cored meanings, themes, groups of themes, and categories. The data were separated into 4 categories; body change, feeling the miss, wise coping and planning the future. The group of themes belonging to 4 categories were body change, sexual change; fleeting, tiredness, attachment of the youth; acceptance, a situation as the adult, fill up the hollow feeling, management body; dying peacefully, preparing for the senior age, being ready to pass away.

This study was designed to compare the nurse and nurses aids on their perception and performance levels for nosocomial infection control and to evaluate the relevant variables. The study data were obtained from 246 nurses and 219 nurse aids working at two university hospitals in Seoul, by using a constructed questionnaire. The data was collected from March to April of 1998, and analyzed using the SAS program for t-test, two way ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficients. The results were as follows; 1. The mean score of the perception level for nosocomial infection control of the nurse(M= 4.72) was higher than that of the nurses aids(M= 4.56). 2. No significant association was found between the nurse and nurses aids on their performance level for nosocomial infection control. 3. The score of perception level showed significant interaction by age in all domains, by career in contaminated material and environmental management, and by department in sterile and environmental management. Regarding the performance levels, the score showed significant association between hand washing and clothing management by age and career. However, there was no significant difference by department. 4. A positive correlation was found in the perception and performance levels for nosocomial infection control between the nurse and nurse aids. In conclusion: the mean score of the perception level for nosocomial infection control in nurses was higher than that of their performance level. In the case of nurses aids, the mean scores of the perception and performance level for the nosocomial infection control were the same but lower than those of the nurses. It is suggested that appropriate hospital infection control programs should be developed by continuous systemic education and practice to improve the nurse and nurses aids' level of perception and performance for nosocomial infection control.

The major purpose of this study was to evaluate the asthma related quality of life in relation to asthma control/severity, multidimensional symptom experience (frequency, intensity distress), and socioeconomic status in adults with asthma. Data was collected by mailed-survey to 384 people with asthma and 172 responded. The mean of the respondents age was 49.6 yrs. The mean of the length of time they were diagnosed as having asthma was 21 yrs. Asthma was well controlled in this sample. The findings revealed that overall asthma related quality of life were relatively good in this sample. In terms of symptom experience, shortness of breath was identified as the most frequent, severe, and distressful of the four asthma symptoms. The score for symptom distress was significantly lower than the score for the frequency and severity across all asthma symptoms. The results indicate that symptoms occurred frequently and intensely, but they were not always distressing to the subjects. Among the three symptom dimensions, distress was the best predictor for asthma related quality of life measured by LWAQ. Results of Multiple regression analysis indicated that asthma severity, symptom distress, and socioeconomic status influenced the quality of life(R2=.66, F (3,68)=44.37, P=.000). Findings highlight the importance of symptom distress with respect to the quality of life of people with asthma.

This study will test one's spiritual well-being which can be an effective hope factor, and, if so found, suggests the importance of such factors in healing cancer. From this research, a total of 97 samples were used, either hospitalized in or outpatients of the general hospitals in Seoul. The hope scale proposed by Paloutzion and Ellison(1982) and Nowotny's Hope Scale(1989) was used. Data was collected from February to April 1998 to be processed by the SAS statistical package. The study has resulted as follows: 1. The average score and the standard deviation of the overall spiritual well-being recorded 82.36 +/- 15.93, with religious and existential sectors being 40.81 +/- 10.27 and 41.55 +/- 7.72, respectively. 2. The spiritual well-being scores differed significantly according to the sample's level of education, religion, belief, the length of period of religious practices, and the frequency of participation in the religious meeting. 3. THe hope score of the sampled cancer patients showed an average of 82.94 with the standard deviation of 10.27. 4. The demographic characteristics were found to have resulted in a significant difference in the hope scores in such areas as religion and strength of the faith. 5. The hypothesis was supported that the spiritual well-being has a positive effect on the patient's hope (r=.632, p=.0001). 6. A multiple regression analysis indicated that the existential well-being(50%), age(5%), and the religious well-being(2%) significantly explained the hope scores. Viewing that religion and faith contributed significantly to a patient's spiritual well-being and hope, nurses should better regard and furthermore encourage the religious life of the cancer patient. Also suggested is that spiritual caring proven very effective by this study be applied actively in enhancing the hope for the cancer patients.

The purpose of this study was to identify pain management done by nurses and to develop an educational program for pain management, and also to evaluate the effects of education on the knowledge, attitudes, nurses and on the pain control practice of nurses. The first stage of this study was to identify the process of pain management in cancer units. A focus group interview using 15 nurses who were working in cancer units was conducted for the purpose of convenience sampling. The focus group interview results indicated that pain assessment wasn`t completed systematically, and was mainly dependent on the verbal complaints of patients or caregivers. The educational contents of the nurses were identified. The 2nd stage of this study was to develop a pain education program and to test its effect on nurses. A One Group pre-test/post-test design was utilized. The educational program(6 hours) consisted of: 1) Myths about pain, 2) Pain assessment, 3) Pain management with medications, pharmacological mechanism, 4) Pain management with noninvasive methods, and 5) Questions and discussion. The testing instrument was modified from the nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain(Ferrell and McCaffery, 1996) and face validity was completed by the nursing faculty and a pain clinic physician, and reliability testing was done for 80 RN-BSN students. The purposive convenience sample of 40 nurses participated in the study. Attitudes and Knowledge changes were measured 2 weeks prior to education and 4 weeks after the education. Ad hoc testing was done 8 weeks after the education with the review of 89 patients' charts. 1. The result were statistically significant on knowledge and changes in attitudes in pain management (t=-4.079, p<0.001). 2. The contents of 89 nursing records were analyzed and it was found that there were great changes in the pain description The assessment of pain severity was measured using VAS. Recommendations for further study are as follows: 1. Continuous pain education for nurses, physicians and students of the health professions is recommended. 2. There is a great need to develop a program for resolving decisional conflicts experienced by nurses in the pain management process.

This study was aimed by applying phenomenal way of study which is the qualitative way of study in order to provide basic data for the whole nursing of the patients with artificial recipiratory organ who are in dangerous situations called mechanical ventilation aid by confirming and understanding the significance of the experience of the objects who experienced artificial recipiratory organ. The patients who agreed to participate at the study after being given the explanation, who are able to exchange minds as they are separated from the recipiratory organ and tube after having been fully recovered to the ability of breathing at present after the experience of mechanical ventilation aid in the room for serious patients of one general hospital at Sung Nam City, Kyongido province, and they are 5 in number who could repeat the statement about the experience, and it has been from Aug. 1998 through Apr. 1994. The data have been collected from the participant patients who had the feeling of trust and intimacy favorably with the researcher as they have been taken care for by the researcher when they were in artificial recipiratory organ in the room for serious patients in the hospital where the researcher has been assigned, and the details of conversation with them have been recorded directly and immediately and in order to prevent details of conversation from being omitted, they are tape-recorded by the consent of the patients. Phenomenal way of analysis suggested by Giorgi was used based on the data described from the words of the patients and the details of observation of the researcher, and the results of the study are as the below; The significance of the experience of the patients who had artificial recipilatory organ through confirmation by deep interivew and observation including participation: 1) The sense of loss: loss of mind exchange, loss of sleep, loss of guidance, loss of sense, loss of role, loss of self-concept, loss of self-control, loss of self-decision and loss of human resources. 2) Felling of inconvenience: Pain, agony 3) Psychological discords: confusion, grudge, felling of burden, fear, instability and sadness 4) Unconsciousness reaction: dream 5) Adaptation: reception, longing and feeling of gratitude and others. The significance in the science of nursing centered by the above results are as the follows; The patients with mechanical ventilation aid have been experiencing bigger pain than anyother patients in the room of serious patients due to environmental stress of the room of serious patients and the situational stress of having artificial recipiratory organ together with psychological pain due to the disease, and I think without any suitable arbitration they might be handicapped in the thought and action. The nurse who takes care of the patients with artificial recipiratory organ would be able to provide the suitable nursing arbitration which can decrease effectively the stress if the nurse has the concrete understanding about their stress as the person in intimate relationship nearest them. But until today the study on the significance of the experience of such patients has been scarcely conducted to the ones with artificial recipiratory organ and no study has been conducted in Korea. This study has been made with the effort of trying to understand deeply the experience of the patients in psychological, physical, social and spiritual views of the patients equipped with artificial recipiratory organ, therefore based on the experience of the patients with artificial recipiratory organ confirmed by this study, I think this study would be meaningful as the basic data for preparing the way of nursing arbitration effectively for the wholeman nursing for the patients who are given the mechanical ventilation aid.

This study was done to analyze research trends and to suggest future directions for nursing research on the quality of life (QL) in Korea. The purposes of this study were to describe systematically 10 years of QL nursing, and to identify patterns of tools and significant variables on studies of QL. This article reviewed 71 nursing researches on QL between 1987 and 1996, by examining them according to the period of publication, research for a degree or not, research design, type of subjects, data collection methods, measurement instruments and range of reliabilities, type of nursing intervention, and association of QL and related variables. The findings of the analysis can be summarized as follows: 1. The number of studies related to QL increased from 1987 to 1994. But they have decreased since 1995. 48 of them(67.6%) identified surveys and correlational studies. 2. In all the titles of the studies, there were 7 types of concepts, including QL, quality satisfaction, life satisfaction, and well-being. Among them, QL was the most often used. 3. The subjects of 21 studies were healthy people. In 49 studies, patients had various illnesses. The majority of the patients were hemodialysis patients and cancer patients. Questionnaires were used for data collection in 58 studies. 56 studies were done for the thesis of a degree, while those in the remaining studies were not for degrees. 4. The research designs were various, except in the thesis for a doctorate. There were many more experimental studies(57.1%) done in the thesis for a doctorate. 5. The types of intervention were categorized as exercise(6), supportive care(3), reminiscence (2), relaxation(1), music(1), and hospice care(1). 6. As measurement tools, 14 types of tools relating to QL were used. 11 of them were composed of multiple dimensions. Among them, the QL Scale by You-Ja Ro(1988) was the most widely used in the studies. In the following, the Life Satisfaction Index by Jin Yun(1982), the Quality of life Scale of National Conference of Cancer nursing (1983), and the Life Satisfaction Index by Wood, Wylie and Sheafor(1969) were used. The reliabilities of the QL Scale were reported in 63 studies, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficients were over 0.7 in 60 cases. The quality of life scales included five dimensions; such as physical, psychological, social, economical, and spiritual dimensions. 7. There were two categories of factors influencing the quality of life: First, factors that cannot be changed by nursing intervention were; age, educational level, gender, marital status, income, employment status, occupation, number of family members, religion, and illness history. Second, factors that can be changed by nursing intervention were; physical activity, health status, the presence of complications, support, self-esteem, stress, self-efficacy, activities of daily life, physical strength, satifaction with life, and anxiety. Types of nursing intervention used to improve quality of life were; therapies in relaxation, exericse, reminiscence, and family support, social support, and hospice care. On the basis of the above findings, the following recommendations were made: 1. Further studies on the quality of life instruments of analysis are needed to provide an understanding of dimensions of life in detail. 2. A Meta-analysis needs to be conducted to identify intervention effects on the quality of life. 3. A tool development study is needed to measure the quality of life appropriately in different illnesses 4. More replicated analysis studies of QL are needed to prove the effect of variables on the QL.

The purpose of this study was to understand and describe how people with kidney transplantation experience using grounded theory method. Purposeful sampling was employed. Total of 20 kidney recipients participated in the study. To collect the data 11 individual in-depth interviewes and two focus group interviews were utilized. Each interview took about one hour, ranging from one to three hours and were audio-taped under the permission of the participants. All interviewes were transcribed to analyze. The results of the study show three stages of life process after kidney transplantation; 1) honeymoon stage, 2) anxiety and depression stage: 3) recovery and stable stage. In the honeymoon stage, all kidney recipients were exhilerated after the operation. They were happy receiving healthy kidney from others, often from beloved families. In the anxiety and depression stage, however, they experienced numerous psychosocial problems mainly due to the health, interpersonal, financial, and physical appearance problems. In the recovery and stable stage, they came out from the psychosocial problems by viewing their situation more objectively and by using many effective coping strategies to imporve their quality of life. Nine strategies which were identified as significant are 1) complying therapeutic regimens, 2) seeking information, 3) keeping their own job, 4) restricting social activities, 5) lowering aimes in their life, 6) managing the fact about their own kidney transplantation, 7) comforting themselves by comparing with others, 8) living religious or altruistic life, and 9) accepting redialysis and retransplantation. In the end, most of them experienced changed value system of life. They were satisfied with their current life, and thanked for living so many years after the transplantation. However, some of them, especially younger ones, regreted of losing hope and ambition they had planned when they were young. And many of them also experienced restricted social life, financial difficulties, and continuous fear of rejection of kidney. The results of the study might help nurses who work with kidney recipients in establishing and implementing effective nursing interventions by understanding the stages of life after kidney transplantations as well as their problems and strategies.

The purpose of this study was to develop a critical pathway for the patients following lumbar laminectomy. Development of this critical pathway was the fundamental phase to implement case management, which is a new health care delivery system. For this study, a preliminary critical pathway was developed first through a literature review and analysis of the medical records and seven critical pathways being used currently in Korea and the USA. In order to identify the health care services provided for the patients, who had lumbar laminectomiess and to draw up the conceptual framework, 30 medical records were analyzed from January, 1997 to December, 1997 at the Spinal Center in the Yonsei University Medical Center. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The vertical axis of the critical pathway included the following 7 items: test, assessment, treatment, activity, medication, diet, teaching and discharge planning; and the horizontal axis included the time frame from the pre-operative day to the third post-operative day. 2. Analysis of the 30 medical records indicated that the average length of stay was 13.7 days, including 4.8 days from admission to operation, and 8.9 days from operation to discharge. 3. According to the validity study using seven experts, 54 items, among the total of 86 items, reached over 86% agreement, while 32 items showed less than 86%. These 32 items were reviewed for deletion or modification before inclusion. A final critical pathway then was developed. On the basis of this research, it is anticipated that this critical pathway can be uesd in clinical situations to provide care for the patients following lumbar laminectomy in the most effective and efficient manner.

The effects of the mouth care using cool normal saline on oral discomfort were investigated in 40 patients on chemotherapy. The subjects were divided into two groups, one was experimental group(N=20) in which the subjects were provided mouth care with cool normal saline, the other was the control group(N=20). The data was collected from June. 20 to Oct. 30 in 1998. Oral discomfort was measured by Self Reported Oral Discomfort Assessment Instrument developed by Jung(1995) and Oral Assessment Guide (OAG) Instrument developed by UNMC. Collected data were analyzed by means of frequency, percentage, standard deviation, chi-squre test, t-test. The results were summarized as follows: 1. 'The experimental group which recieved oral care with cool normal saline shoud be lower self reported oral discomfort on 3, 5, 7, 14 days after chemotherapy was supported (p=.025-.000). 2. 'The experimental group which recieved oral care with cool normal saline shoud be lower observational symptom oral discomfort on 3, 5 days after chemotherapy was not supported, but on 7, 14 days after chemotherapy was supported(p=.0011, 0.001). In conclusion, the patient who recieved oral care with cool normal saline showed the decrease in degree of oral discomfort of cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy. So oral care with cool normal saline had been judged the nursing intervention to improve oral discomfort of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

The main purpose of this study was to characterize and classify families of KT recipients and to identify family adaptability and cohesion, as family function, by the Circumplex model. A Cross-sectional survey approach was employed for this research project. The data was collected by the questionnaire method in 3 general hospitals in Seoul and Kyonggi-do, Korea. The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales III was used. By Convenient sampling, a total of 190 subjects (Male 117, Female 73) with an average age of 39.7 years (range: 18-62 yrs.) participated. The mean age at transplantation was 36.8 yrs. (SD: 9.4 yrs.). On an average, the patients had received transplants 39.9 months previously. The data was analyzed by percentage of frequency, t-test, and one-way ANOVA by the SPSS program. The results were as follows: 1. The mean family adaptability score was 30.26(SD: 6.6, range: 12-49) and the mean family cohesion score was 34.96(SD: 6.5, range: 15-48). 2. All of 16 distinct types of family system were identified. Among them, 'Flexibly connected types' (32 families, 16.8%) were the most common and 'chaotically disengaged types' (2 families, 1.1%) were the least common. 3. Dividing the 16 unit typology into 3 basic groups of types, 'Balanced types' composed 88 families (46.3%), 'Mid-range types' composed 76 families (40.0%), and 'extreme types' composed 26 families (13.7%). 4. The family adaptation differed according to age, education level, marital status, the diagnostic age of CRF, and level of recipient's perception of the family's importance. The family cohesion differed according to age, employment status, number of kid, and level of recipient's perception of the family's importance. In conclusion, by providing nursing intervention designed to increase family adaptability and cohesion, considering the socio-demographic factors of recipient and family, nurses may improve the recipient's family function and health, and also the recipient's health and quality of life.

The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to understand and find the relationships among the degree of the stress, anxiety, and depression of pre-operational patients, and to describe strategies for pre-operational patient care through exact assessment. The Stress Inventory which was made by researcher, Spielberger's(1972) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Beck's(1967) Depression Inventory were used as research instruments. Subjects were seventy-five patients who hospitalized in general hospital located in Seoul and Inchun. Data was collected from April 12th to April 24th 1998 using questionnaire. Data analysis consisted of Pearson correlation coefficiency, Multiple regression analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA using SPSS PC+ program. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The average score for the stress was 73.87, for the state-anxiety was 57.05, for the trait-anxiety was 57.59, and for the depression was 37.41. The degree of stress, anxiety and depression were above moderate level. 2. The degree of pre-operational stress and anxiety(r=.692, p=.000), stress and depression (r=.644, p=.000), anxiety and depression (r=.647, p=.000) had significant relationships in statistically. 3. Pre-operational stress was significantly explained by anxiety and depression. 4. The relationships among general characteristics and stress, anxiety, and depression were significantly defferent in education and experience of operation. In conclusion, pre-operational stress, anxiety and depression had high relationships with each other. Because significant differences exist in degree of patients' pre-operational stress, anxiety, and depression on education and experience of operation, these characteristics are needed to be applicated in nursing intervention on pre-operational care. The importance of this study is that the stress inventory predict pre-operative anxiety and depression of patients, so it is valid instrument for mesuring pre-operational stress. I suggest that the necessity of studies involving physical, environmental, spiritual aspect, etc. include emotion aspect in mesuring the degree of stress. Because the effect of pre-medication was not controled in research design, I suggest that repeated studies are needed include the pre-medication, furthermore the studies which combine the self-report method and the physiological maker of mesuring the degree of stress are necessary for the future study.

Fatigue is a very distressing symptom experienced by many individuals with cancer, especially those who are receiving active chemotherapy. The effects of fatigue are multiple. If not managed, impaired functional status with a decreased quality of life may result. Therefore, this study was designed to identify the relation between fatigue and quality of life in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. The subjects for this study were 180 cancer patients receiving chemotherapy who were hospitalized or who visited the outpatient clinics of two university hospitals in Seoul. The following instruments were used in the study: Piper's fatigue scale, Symptom checklist, Mood state scale, Disruption of usual activity scale. The result of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. The relationship between fatigue and quality of life revealed a significantly negative correlation(r=-.513, p<.001). Therefore, the hypothesis "the lower the level of fatigue, the higher the quality of life" was accepted. The relationship between fatigue and physical well-being revealed a significantly negative correlation(r=-.319, p<.001). The relationship between fatigue and emotional well-being revealed a significantly negative correlation(r=-.417, p<.001). The relationship between fatigue and social well-being revealed a significantly negative correlation(r=-.409, p<.001).

This study has been conducted to identify and describe conceptual systems of uncertainty using qualitative data from a written association test with open ended questions of "Please list three items in order, as they occur to you, when you think about uncertainty". Two open ended questions were added to help the grouping process of the concepts to be more reliable. 336 listed words were collected from 53 non-patients(nurse, professionals, nurse-students, students) and 65 patients. And data analysis involved three levels of increasing complexity and abstractedness, which involved a grouping process of "concept" with "meaning and value" to encompass a more abstract grouping with greater scope. The initial level grouping of the 336 listed words yielded 28 distinct categories: change, time, life, health and illness, relationships, family and person, event, trenscendental being, luck, hope and expection, positive emotion, negative emotion, action, self, nature, information, society, success and failure, non-predictiveness, anxiety, conflict, powerlessness, vagueness certainty not known, undoubtful, incorrectness, undetermined, indefinite. In the 2nd level of abstraction with 28 distinct categories, change/ time/ life/ health and illness/ relationships/ family and person/ event/ trenscendental being classified under the category of objectivity of uncertainty. Self under the category of subjectivity of uncertainty. Luck/ hope and expection/ positive emotion/ negative emotion/ and action were categorized under the category of consequences, and nature under the category of natural environment. Information/ society/ success went into the category of social environment. Unpredictability/ anxiety/ conflict/ powerlessness/ vagueness/ certainty not known/ undoubtful/ incorrectness/ undetermined/ indefinite were classified into the category of concomittent. And finally, the 3rd level of abstraction, with 7 categories, yielded 3 categories of person/ environment/concomittent. The results are significant to refine the concept of uncertainty. These understanding will facilitate the development effective methods of nursing to the uncertainty in chronic illness.

The current patient management system has several limitations. To develop the critical pathway (CP) as a cost-effective method via continuous patient management, we investigated the medical records of 77 patients who underwent FP chemotherapy in Seoul National University Hospital from Feb, 1 to 28, 1999. And the pilot study was done to 12 patients admitted to undergo the FP chemotherapy. 1. The vertical contents in the CP consisted of 7 items; assessment, activity, diet, IV therapy, medication, education and evaluation. The duration of the horizontal axis was 6 days from admission to discharge. 2. The medical performance according to the vertical axis in the preliminary CP, consisted of 72 , and modified to 74 items in the final form of CP. 3. The nursing record consisted of a vertical axis of 4 items; assessment, IV therapy, medication and education. The duration of the horizontal axis was 6 days from admission to discharge of hospital days.

The purpose of this study was to examine depression in order to identify health care strategies to improve health promotion among mid-aged women. There were 515 participants aged 40-65 years old, staying in the Seoul area. The data were collected from July to September, 1999. The instrument for this study was Beck's Depression Inventory(BDI) to evaluate depression. The collected data was analyzed with frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, and Multiple logistic Analysis. The result of this study were as follows: 1. The average depression scores was 10.19 which is relatively low. 2. The depression score was significantly by age(p=0.005), marital status(p=0.049), level of education(p=0.0001), an average income (p=0.0001) and leisure acting (p=0.0001). Therefore this study suggests that the replicate study is needed more at different areas.