PURPOSE
This study was conducted to compare the process of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy according to the stages of change of exercise on the basis of the Transtheoretical Model in order to investigate factors associated with the change of exercise in adult diabetic patients.
METHOD
Data were collected from January to April 2005. The subjects were 160 patients in the G university hospital and public health center in J city.
RESULTS
The entire process of change showed the significant difference depending on the stage of change(F=20.007, p=.000). For each process of change, the Consciousness Raising(F=14.602, p=.000), Dramatic Relief(F=7.751, p=.000), Environmental Re-evaluation(F=11.843, p=.000), Self Re-evaluation(F=16.035, p=.000), Social Liberation(F=10.968, p=.000), Counter-conditioning (F=24.090, p=.000), Helping Relationships(F= 7.625, p=.000), Reinforcement Management(F= 16.693, p=.000), Self Liberation(F=11.990, p= .000) and Stimulus Control(F=4.020, p=.002) demonstrated significant differences depending on the stages of change of exercise. For the decisional balance, the Pros showed the significant difference depending on the stage of change(F=14.121, p=.000). For the self efficacy showed significant difference depending on the stage of change(F=17.137, p=.000).
CONCLUSION
In order to proceed the stage of change of exercise in patients with Diabetes Mellitus, intensive use of a specific process of change, a stage of change matching is needed.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study were to examine the incidence of lymphedema and to compare to physiological and psychosocial symptoms between breast cancer patients with lymphedema and without lymphedema.
METHOD
Four hundreds fifty women with breast cancer receiving mastectomy were recruited from two out-patient breast clinics of A and S university hospitals in Seoul, Korea from October, 2004 to May, 2005. Lymphedema was defined by circumferential measurement. Differences greater than 2cm between the affected arm and normal arm were considered to be lymphedema. A descriptive design was used for this study and data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent t-test.
RESULTS
Lymphedema developed in 112(24.9%) of the 450 subjects. Subjects with lymphedema reported more severe sensation change of arm and more depression and confusion than subjects without lymphedema. Range of motion of shoulder as a physical indicator and social support, however, were not significantly different between the two groups.
CONCLUSION
Lymphedema is recognized as an unpleasant and uncomfortable consequence of breast cancer- related treatment. Therefore, more research is needed to evaluate the impact of lymphedema on quality of life in patients with lymphedema and the efficacy of nursing intervention.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to explore the effects of providing individualized education for hemodialysis patients on their knowledge of hemodialysis, compliance of patient role behavior, and physiologic parameters.
METHOD
A quasi experimental design with a non-equivalent control group and a non-synchronized design was used. The experiment was conducted with a total of 40 hemodialysis patients (20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group) at the artificial kidney center, C University Hospital. The experimental group was provided with individualized education, 30 minutes per session, three times per week, for two weeks.
RESULTS
The experimental group had significantly higher knowledge of hemodialysis than the control group after the education. The compliance of patient role behavior was more enhanced in the experimental group than the control group. The experimental group showed significantly higher values of blood urea nitrogen, but not the values of blood creatinine, albumin, kalium, and phosphorus.
CONCLUSION
The individualized education was found to be an effective intervention for improving patients' knowledge of hemodialysis and compliance of patient role behavior.

PURPOSE
This study were to examine the relationship among chronic pain, pain beliefs, pain coping, and fatigue and to define the main factors influencing chronic pain in the elderly.
METHOD
Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from 276 Korean elderly. Data analysis was done with SPSS 10.1 for descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Stepwise multiple regression.
RESULTS
Chronic pain score was 5.45, which was slightly higher than the average. There were significant differences in chronic pain according to age, marital state, economic state, and duration of pain. There was a significant positive correlation between chronic pain and pain beliefs, passive pain coping, physical fatigue and mental fatigue. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between chronic pain and active pain coping. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 44% of the variance in chronic pain was significantly accounted for by passive pain coping(31%), pain beliefs(8%), physical fatigue(4%), and active pain coping(1%).
CONCLUSION
These results suggested that pain beliefs, pain coping, and fatigue can be influencing factors on chronic pain for the elderly. Also, the findings can provide a basis for nursing intervention development to effectively manage chronic pain for the elderly.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to provide nursing intervention with basic data extracted through investigating self-care and nursing of lymphedema in patient who have had a mastectomy.
METHOD
The subjects for this study consisted of 214 mastectomy patients in 2 hospitals. The data were collected from December 1, 2004 to February 28, 2005. The instruments used for this study were both the Self-care Practice Scale by Cho, Myoung-Ok et al.(2003) which we modified and the Nursing Evaluation Scale developed by the researchers.
RESULTS
The mean score of self-care on lymphedema was 59.96+/-12.46. The mean score of nursing was 25.64+/-9.25. Factors influencing the self-care were the postoperative period (F= 17.505, p<.001), the location of the tumor (F= 3.826, p=.023), menstruation (t=7.333, p=.007), and complications (F=5.427, p<.001).
CONCLUSION
Self-care and nursing care on the lymphedema management were shown to be lower than expected. Especially, the score of self-care was the lowest in the more than 3 year postoperative period. Therefore, the longer the postoperative period is, the more active management on lymphedema needs to be. Also, education should be given to both nurses and patients on the importance of self-care on lymphedema with mastectomies.

PURPOSE
This study investigated the effect of a structured group intervention on knowledge about lung cancer, self efficacy and quality of life for family caregivers of patients with lung cancer using a nonequivalent control group quasi-experimental design.
METHODS
Subjects were 11 family caregivers for both the control and the experimental group. The experimental group participated in once a week for 2-hour session for 4 weeks. Four topics of educational program were lung cancer and treatment, side effects of treatments, symptoms management, and health management. Every session consisted of lecture, sharing experiences, and meditating time. Quality of life was measured using Jang(1996)'s tool. The tools for knowledge and self-efficacy were developed by the authors.
RESULTS
After the intervention, the experimental group showed higher self-efficacy in caring for the patients than did the controls. However, there were no significant differences in knowledge about lung cancer and quality of life between the two groups.
CONCLUSION
Findings indicate that the group intervention would be effective for family caregivers of lung cancer patients.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study were to identify the essential component and meaning structure of the experience of 'Sockalee' among abused elders.
METHOD
This study was done using a phenomenological analytic method by Giorgi. The participants in this study were six elders who had the previous experience of 'Sockalee' as abused elders. The data were collected by interviewing the participants from May to September, 2003. Generally, three interviews for one person were performed and each interview lasted for one and half hours.
RESULTS
The meanings of 'Sockalee' of abused elders were categorized with seven components. Those are (1) Unsolved family conflicts. (2) Being powerless. (3) Being pushed out. (4) Egocentric situation-recognition. (5) Strengthening egocentric situation-recognition (6) Attempts for re-powerfulness. (7) Release from abuse. (8) Situation recognition with others' position considered.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, the nursing intervention must be focused on the above concerns to accomplish the successful solution for the abused elderly problems, especially approaching from the standpoint of the whole human.

PURPOSE
To evaluate the effects of a follow-up program for breast cancer patients after surgery.
METHOD
A quasi-experimental design was used. The subjects were 56 breast cancer patients (experimental group: 27, control group: 29). The subjects of the experimental group participated in the Follow-up program of 7 sessions once a week, during 4 weeks including one telephone visit. The program consisted of health education of breast cancer, exercise, lymph edema prevention, diet education, theraband rehabilitation exercise, laugh therapy, and breast self examination. The obtained data were analysed by using the ANCOVA of SPSS.
RESULTS
There was a significant difference in the scores of physical wellbeing, symptom distress and mood state between the two groups.
CONCLUSION
Considering these research results, short-term intervention could improve physical and emotional functioning abilities by helping better health. Nurses should establish and manage a proper program to provide multipurpose support and it must apply the program after surgery as soon as possible for breast cancer women.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to explore the predictors of cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetic patients.
METHOD
Data were collected from November, 2003 to June, 2004 using a physiological index and questionnaires. Patients(N=159) aged 40 and above were conveniently recruited from health care centers in B city. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression using SPSS WIN 10.0 program.
RESULTS
The cardiovascular risk factors were negatively related with female gender, household monthly income, educational experience about diabetes, physical activity, self-care, self-efficacy and problem oriented coping, while positively related with the duration of diabetes, diabetic family history and depression. Self-care, diabetic family history, female gender, monthly household income, self-efficacy, affective-oriented coping and physical activity predicted 41.5% of the variance in cardiovascular risk factors of diabetic patients.
CONCLUSION
According to the findings of this study, we concluded that cardiovascular risk factors of type 2 diabetic patients are related to the modifiable and non-modifiable variables. Self-care, self-efficacy, affective- oriented coping, and physical activity were identified as modifiable variables. Intervention programs to increase those variables are warranted to reduce cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetic patients.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the discharge education program on compliance with the sick role behavior for patients having undergone cerebrovascular surgery.
METHOD
Research was done using a posttest only design. The subjects were 60 patients who were admitted to the neurosurgery unit at C.N.U. Hospital in G. City and were divided into the experimental and control groups. The discharge education program were intervened two times in the experimental group by the researcher; the first one was at the time of discharge using a booklet about knowledge related to disease and compliance, and the other one was a telephone education session after a week from discharge. Data were collected two times by interview and telephone using questionnaires from January 19, to June 10, 2000. The first one was at hospital before discharge, and the other one was one month later from discharge. Data were analysed by chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation.
RESULTS
The experimental group showed a higher score of compliance(t=2.772, p=.008) than those of the control group, but knowledge about CVD was not significant between the two groups(p>.05).
CONCLUSION
The discharge education program was effective on the compliance of the patients having undergone cerebrovascular surgery.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for nursing programs in order to reduce depression among middle aged adults by looking at gender differences.
METHOD
A comparative descriptive design was used. Subjects were 315 adults from February. 15 to March. 2, 2005, using a structured question- naire. The data was analyzed using chi-square-test, Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression.
RESULTS
chi-square-test revealed significant gender differences in socio- demographic variables for career, drinking, smoking, and satisfaction with the spouse. The factors that influenced depression for men were stress, fatigue, job satisfaction and self-efficacy. For women, those factors were stress, family support, coping skills, and well-being.
CONCLUSIONS
The results show that gender differences existed in terms of depressions, in terms of factors influencing depression. As a result, when middle aged adults are provided nursing programs, gender differences should be considered. To decrease the depression of men, nursing interventions are needed to decrease their stress and fatigue, and to improve their job satisfaction and self-efficacy. To decrease the depression of women, it is also needed to decrease their stress, to elevate their family support and coping skills, and to support them so that their well-being is perceived good.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the main factors influencing family functioning of caregivers in families with stroke.
METHOD
A Convenient sample of 173 primary family caregivers who take care of a stroke patient at an Oriental medicine hospital in Jeonbuk. Interviews were done with a standardized questionnaire including family functioning by nurses.
RESULTS
In Pearson's correlation analysis, the influencing factors related to family functioning were ADL(p=.017), level of paralysis(p=.019) as stressors, Quality of relation(p=.000) as situational variables, and family caregivers' burden(p=.000). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed 29.9% of the variance family functioning was significantly accounted for by the quality of relationship between stroke patient and caregiver(26.8%), and caregiver burden(3.1%).
CONCLUSIONS
Findings indicate that families of stroke patients need family-focused nursing intervention as supported care to improve the relationship between patient and primary caregiver and relieve caregiver burden by culturally tailoring to Korean.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study were to find out the degree of memory decline and to confirm its correlated factors in old adults.
METHOD
The subjects consisted of 68 old adults over the age 65 who living in Busan. Data were collected by the interview method, using a structured questionnaire and the testing method on the memory performance.
RESULTS
The old adults' memory performances declined in tasks of immediately word recall, delayed word recall, and face recognition and increased slightly in word recognition over 2 years. However, there was only significant difference in delayed word recall task. The significant variables to predict memory decline were age, literacy, depression, locus, and strategy.
CONCLUSION
The memory decline of old adults wasn't more serious problem than the perceived one. There needs to be some intervention programs to prevent memory decline for the elderly.

PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to measure the degree of uncertainty in illness, hope, and spiritual well-being and to examine the relationship among uncertainty in illness, hope, and spiritual well-being of cancer patients.
METHOD
The data were derived from answers to questionnaires obtained from 93 cancer patients at one general hospital in J area from April 6, 2004 to May 8, 2004. The collected data were analyzed by SSPS 10.0.
RESULTS
The mean score of uncertainty in illness of cancer patients was 55.96. The mean score of hope of cancer patients was 79.77, and spiritual well-being was 55.20. Uncertainty in illness of cancer patients was related negatively to hope(r=-.57, p=.000). Also uncertainty in illness of cancer patients was related negatively to spiritual well-being(r=-.57, p=.000). However, hope of cancer patients was related positively to spiritual well-being(r=.67, p=.000).
CONCLUSION
Higher uncertainty in illness was related to lower hope and spiritual well-being of cancer patients. Based upon these results, nurses should help patients to improve their hope and spiritual well-being through mediation of uncertainty in illness.

PURPOSE
Behavioral symptoms in dementia (BSD) are one of the most disturbing behaviors to caregivers and a major reason for nursing home placement. Behavioral symptoms are often treated with psychotropic drugs (PD), however, the effect of such drugs for the frail elderly dementia patient is not certain because of their critical adverse effects. Theoretical model applicable to nursing practice for BSD in nursing homes, which is essential in guiding and evaluating such interventions, is absent. This article presents the process of developing a theoretical model of BSD in nursing homes.
METHOD
Using Walker and Avants' theory synthesis method, three behavior models and two system models were incorporated into the proposed model to provide the theoretical and analytical explanation of the relationships between PD usage, its determinants, and BSD.
RESULTS
Resident variables and nursing home variables related to the two focal concepts (i.e., PD usage and BSD) were identified. Resident variables include demographical characteristics such as age and gender, and dementia-compromised functions such as cognitive and functional impairment. Nursing home variables include facility characteristics such as ownership type and size, and physical and psychosocial environment.
CONCLUSION
The proposed model suggests that fulfillment of resident unmet needs through improvement of physical and psychosocial environment may produce better health outcomes of nursing home residents with BSD. Assessment and intervening environmental triggers of such behaviors are also suggested to be prior to the PD usage.