PURPOSE
This study was performed to identify and understand the nature of attitude patterns regarding dying process exhibited in the elderly persons who lived in the community setting.
METHOD
Q methodology was applied. Ten elderly were selected from the senior centers and requested to answer open ended questions by using written questionnaires. Additionally, 12 other elderly from different senior centers were interviewed in depth, and their statements were recorded via voice pen by researchers to derive Q-population. From the 120 Q-population, 33 Q-sample were selected. 22 P-sample were rated by 1 to 9 point scale respectively for Q-sorting. For Q-type analysis, pc QUNAL was used.
RESULT
Three types of attitude patterns were identified, which were valuing dignity, seeking provision of nature, and avoiding of dying process.
CONCLUSION
The significance of this study is as follows : Discovery of 3 attitude patterns of elderly toward dying, better understanding about elderly's perspectives for favorable dying, and informations for possible development of nursing strategies for elderly who is facing death.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to explore and compare the prostatic hypertrophoc symptoms, activities of daily living, satisfaction of sexual activities and well-being among subjects with prostatic hypertrophic symptoms and the general population.
METHOD
One hundred subjects with prostatic hypertrophic symptoms and one hundred general persons were recruited in K medical center. The data were collected from October 20, 2001 to March 30, 2002 by structured questionnaire.
RESULT
The results were the following; 1. The percentage of mild(0~7), moderate(8~19) and severe(20~35)symptoms between subjects with prostatic hypertrophic symptoms and general persons were 6% : 60%, 54% : 39%, 40% : 1%. 2. There was a significant difference in prostatic hypertrophic symptoms(t=12.82, p<.001), in activities of daily living(t=-7.77, p<.0001), in satisfaction of sexual activities (t=-4.80, p<.0001), in well-being(t=-4.80, p<.0001) between subjects with prostatic hypertrophic symptoms and general persons 3. There was a significant difference in activities of daily living(F=16.28, p<.0001), satisfaction of sexual activities(F=3.98, p<.05) according to prostatic hypertrophic symptoms in subjects with prostatic hypertrophic symptoms.
CONCLUSION
According to the above findings, prostatic hypertrophic symptoms influence activities of daily living, satisfaction of sexual activities, well-being of subjects with prostatic hypertrophic symptoms negatively.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to find out the effects of hospice care by evaluating the spiritual well-being and quality of life in the hospice and nonhospice patients.
METHOD
The research design was composed of descriptive study. The data were collected using the questionnaire with interview from 30 hospice patients at three hospice institutes and 30 nonhospice patients at two general hospitals. The tools used for this study were 14-item questionnaire regarding general characteristics, a revised Spiritual Well-being Survey(Paloutzion and Ellision, 1982) and 22-item of revised Mcgill Quality of Life questionnaire.
RESULT
The spiritual well-being of the hospice patients was higher than that of nonhospice patients(F=5.52, p=0.023). The global quality of life of the hospice patients was higher than that of nonhospice patients(F=8.84, p=0.004). There was a significant positive correlation between spiritual well-being and quality of life of the hospice patients and non hospice patients.
CONCLUSION
The hospice care effects on spiritual well-being and quality of life of the terminal cancer patients.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to investigate the perception of nursing students' on-site clinical experience at intensive care unit(ICU), which will help on developing fundamental tool to enhance the effect of their clinical practice.
METHOD
Van Manens hermeneutic-phenomenological method has been used to analyze the data. Participants consisted of 74 third-year nursing students who performed the clinical practice at an ICU in C university hospital. The students got the group interviews and kept the clinical diaries. Data was collected from series of group interviews and contents of the students clinical diaries.
RESULT
Major concerns related to students clinical practice were found as follows: [being nervous about unfamiliar machines and situations], [being frustrated about the patients], [feeling of helplessness], [being stupefied from witnessing a death], [realizing the importance of health], [realizing individual patient's precious value through family's love], [realizing the importance of treating a patient as human being], [realizing the differences between theory and practice], [modelizing two aspects of nursing: professional and personal], [readiness to become a capable nurse].
CONCLUSION
We are able to obtain in-depth understandings about the nursing students lived experience of clinical practice at the ICU. Based upon this, there is a need to develop a better nursing intervention enhance the effectiveness of the nursing students clinical practice.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this descriptive study was to gain basic data to develop a self-care protocol for the lymphedema patients.
METHOD
The subjects of this study consisted of 115 patients with lymphedema from 8 hospitals and two community health and welfare centers in Busan and Seoul. The data was collected with questionnaire by self reporting of patients between March 2001 and December 2001. Data was analyzed by mean and percentage.
RESULT
For self-care activities in daily life, compliance of 'use skin care preparations', 'use heat and cold', 'protect from local compression on affected limbs', 'protect from insect biting', 'use aids to protect affected limbs', 'take diuretics and take protein diet' did not reach to 50%. For self-care activities related to complex physical therapy, 28.7% of subjects complied with compression garment, 14.8% with manual lymph drainage, and 13.0% with exercise. 20.0% of subjects tried to treat with acupuncture and 13.9% with heat therapy.
CONCLUSION
From this study, it is suggested that patients need to get a self-care education with correct information about self care activities and health care professionals need to develop more convenience self-care techniques of massage and exercise.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a six week self-help empowerment strategy program on the empowerment status, pain intensity, physical function, joint flexibility and depression status in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
METHOD
The subjects of the study consisted of a convenience sample thirteen rheumatoid arthritis patients. Data was collected from July to November, 2001. All patient received a self-help empowerment strategy program, once a week for six weeks.
RESULT
After receiving the self-help empowerment strategy program, the empowerment status increased significantly, the pain intensity and the depression score decreased significantly and the level of physical function significantly improved but the flexibilities of shoulders, knees and ankles were not significantly changed.
CONCLUSION
Further studies need to be done to determine the feasibility of implementing empowerment strategy and its possibility as an effective intervention program for decreasing pain intensity and depression score and improving the physical function.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develop a fundamental reference for the clinical implementation of Complementary and Alternative Therapy(CAT) by surveying and analyzing different perception and attitude between nurses and physicians.
METHOD
A total of 167 nurses and 103 physicians from two C university health science centers participated in this survey, and SPSS program with version 10.0 was used to analyze the result of survey.
RESULT
As results, 72.7% nurses and 57.1% physicians showed positive attitude for the concept of CAT, 60.6% nurses and 36.7% physicians responded positively while 2.6% nurses and 25.9% physicians responded negatively for the application of CAT to the clinical practice. There was a meaningful difference between two groups in the belief of therapeutic effectiveness of CAT. 67.7% nurses believed the therapeutic effectiveness of CAT while 38.8% physicians did. For attitudes of nurses and physicians toward CAT showed meaningful difference according to general characteristics: age, gender, marital status, a level of education, position in the organization, religion, and duration of health care service other than inpatient units.
CONCLUSION
In this study, the attitudes of nurses and physicians about CAT showed meaningful difference that nurses were more positive than physicians in application.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to compare spiritual well-being and perceived health status between Korean and Korean-American and to provide basic data that might develop comprehensive health care program including spiritual dimension.
METHOD
The subject of the study were 411 adults chosen from religious organization located in Gyeongsang Province, Korea and Chicago, U.S.A.. The instruments used in the study were Spiritual Well-being Scale by Paloutizian and Ellison and Health Self Rating Scale by North Illinois University. Analysis of data was done by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, ANCOVA, ANOVA and Duncan test with SPSS program.
RESULT
1) The mean score of spiritual well-being of Korean was 3.17 and Korean-American was 2.63, there was significant difference between two groups. 2) Perceived health status of Korean was 2.37 and perceived health status of Korean-American was 2.54, there was significant difference between two groups.
CONCLUSION
According to this study, it is important to take into considerations spiritual aspects and cultural and environmental elements in developing the comprehensive health care program.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between depression and life satisfaction of the middle aged man.
METHOD
The study was designed as a descriptive correlation study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire which included general characteristics, depression, and life satisfaction. Data collection was done between Oct. 28 and Nov. 28 on the 145 middle aged man.
RESULT
The degree of depression of the subjects was 8.98 and life satisfaction was 10.52 on the average. About 8% of the subjects was included in the depression group. There was a negative correlation between depression and life satisfaction of the subjects and it was statistically significant.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, it should be developed the nursing program for qualitative life of middle aged man.

PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to examine 1) functional status at 2 months after hip fracture surgery 2) health care utilization after a fall episode and 3) fear of falling experienced during first 2 months after a fall episode.
METHOD
With a convenient sample of 99 elderly from six university or general hospitals with hip fracture from a fall, data were collected at 2-3 days before discharge and at 2 months after hip fracture surgery.
RESULT
1) At 2 months after hip fracture from a fall, significant proportion (25.3%) of elderly was not able to walk indoors. 2) Average length of hospital stay was 27.6 days with a range of 8 to 86 days. About 51% subjects received physical therapy during hospital stay, and only 6.1% subjects received physical therapy following discharge from the hospital. 3) Significant proportion (72.7%) had fear of falling after the fall episode. About 51% reported that they restricted their activities because they had fear of falling.
CONCLUSION
Fall is a dreaded event which result in loss of independence and restriction of activity. Development and application of fall prevention program is critical especially for those with risk factors of fall.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to illuminate the relation between the aesthetics and qualitative nursing research, and especially to consider the aesthetical characteristics of phenomenological nursing research which may reflect works of art.
METHOD
Based on Heidegger, Merleau-ponty and Gadamer' philosophical aesthetics, this study shows how aesthetical thought can be is applied to artistic creation and aesthetical criticism in the phenomenological research of nursing.
RESULT
The result of aesthetical characteristics of phenomenological nursing research were as follows: 1) Poetical thought of the client's experience as the living is revealed as poetic expressions in forms of listening gazing, reflection and metaphor. 2) Literature works, paintings, poetry and fiction used as sources of lived-experience help to awaken insight into the essence of lived-experience. 3) Aesthetical evaluation of phenomenological product as art is related to the harmony as a whole, especially to the ability to do vicarious lived-experience of the client.
CONCLUSION
In order to produce creative phenomenological works in nursing research, two suggestions are made: aesthetical thought and poetic language in phenomenological reflective writing which enables researchers to transmit the essence of the lived-experience.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of telephonic counseling on burnout, depression, life satisfaction, and perceived physical health among family caregivers of older adults with dementia.
METHOD
Subjects were randomly assigned into telephonic counseling group (n=21) and the comparison group (n=32). A weekly telephone counseling was conducted by research assistants for 12 weeks. T-test were used to answer the research questions.
RESULT
1) There were no significant differences between the two groups on the level of burnout, depression, life satisfaction, and perceived physical health after telephone counseling. 2) Spouse caregivers under the telephone counseling tended to report higher perceived physical health than comparison group at the post-test (t=-1.88, p=.08). Spouse caregivers under the telephone counseling tended to report higher emotional exhaustion and lower feeling of self achievement. 3) Daughter-in-law caregivers under telephone counseling showed increased feeling of self achievement, improved physical health condition, and decreased depression.
CONCLUSION
This study showed potential effects of the problem-solving telephone counseling to improve perceived physical health and to reduce the level of burnout and depression. The findings suggest the necessity of screening most vulnerable subgroups of caregivers to increase the effectiveness of nursing intervention such as telephone counseling.

PURPOSE
This study was aimed at providing scientific evidence for minimizing ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP) by identifying appropriate timing of exchange of circuit for mechanical ventilator that is well suitable for the medical environment of intensive care units of hospitals in Korea.
METHOD
This was a quasi-experimental study with a convenience sample of 19 adult subjects aged over 18 years who were admitted to the NS ICU of C university hospital, and placed on mechanical ventilator. The subjects were placed in two groups, compared on the incidence rate of VAP after they received exchange of circuit either at 1-week interval (N =10) or 2-week interval (N = 9).
RESULT
1) When considering 1000 days as the standard unit of analysis for incidence, the incidence rate of VAP was 7.19 cases at the 1-week cycle exchange group and 15.23 at the 2-week cycle exchange group, showing no statistically significant difference between the two groups. 2) There were a total of 3 types of bacteria isolated from the patients with VAP, including 2 cases with P. aeruginosa, 1 case with Streptococcus group F and A. baumannii.
CONCLUSION
With thorough hand washing and strict management of tracheal tube of mechanical ventilator as well as use of tracheal intubation techniques, exchange cycle of circuit of mechanical ventilator by nurses may be changed from 1-week to 2-week interval.

PURPOSE
Purposes of this study were to understand the current trends on complementary therapy in relieving chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and to suggest the future research direction.
METHOD
Subjects were selected on CINAHL, MEDLINE, Korean Academy Data Base from 1980 to 2001 which used nausea, vomiting, chemotherapy and complementary therapy as key words in experimental studies. Eight korean articles and twenty-one international articles were analyzed in terms of general characteristics, research methods, and types of complementary therapy. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical methods.
RESULT
Since 2000, researchers have more actively used complementary therapy. In subject characteristics, mean age was 35.5 years old, 45% of the researchers were performed with high level of incidence of chemotherapy induced vomiting, 14% of them set limit of consecutive cycle during research, and 65% of them did not comment the selecting criteria of sample. About 60% of them were designed post-test only control group; 35% used INV by Rhodes, 31% used Likert scale, and 24% used VAS for dependent variable. Muscle relaxation therapy was mostly applied for relief of nausea and vomiting.
CONCLUSION
Further studies will be needed to control extrinsic variables affecting nausea and vomiting in research design and to accumulate evidence with studies applying various complementary therapies.

PURPOSE
The study was performed to identify the process of change, decisional balance and self-efficacy corresponding to the stage of smoking cessation behavior based on Transtheoretical Model in industrial workers.
METHOD
A convenience sample of 146 industrial workers except for the never smokers, were recruited at a H industry in Ulsan. Data were collected from February 1 to 28, 2002. The research instruments were Stages of Change of Smoking Cessation Measure(DiClemente et al, 1991), Process of change(Prochaska, 1988), Smoking Abstinence Self Efficacy (SASE: DiClemente et al, 1985) and Decisional balance(SDB; Kim, 1999).
RESULT
The results of this study were as follows; 1. The subjects were distributed in each stage of smoking cessation change: There were 64 subjects (43.0%) in the precontemplation stage, 35 subjects(23.5%) in the contemplation stage, 28 subjects(18.8%) in the preparation stage, 14 subjects(10.1%) in the action stage and 7 subjects(4.7%) in the maintenance stage. 2. Analysis of variance showed that experiental process(F=2.808, p=.042), behavioral process (F=4.567, p=.004) self-efficacy(F=9.809, p=.000), pros(F=11.107, p=.000), cons(F=6.686, p=.000), pros- cons(F=3.446, p=.018) were significantly associated with the stages of smoking cessation change. 3. Through discriminant analysis, it was found that 'PROS' was the most influential variable in discriminating the four stages of change.
CONCLUSION
This study can provide the basis of staged matching smoking cessation program using TTM for more effective and useful intervention.