PURPOSE
The aim on this study was to establish the validity, reliability and efficiency of a Pain Self-Report Scale for elderly with dementia and compare these results with an observational pain rating scale.
METHODS
Study subjects were 136 elderly with dementia who were residents in a nursing home, geriatric hospital, or day care center. The subject's pain was measured by five self-report scales and observational scale. DS-DAT (discomfort scale-dementia of the Alzheimer's type) was used for pain behavior observational measure. Cognitive state was assessed using the MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination).
RESULTS
Observational rating correlated moderately with self-report (r=.225~.585, p<.05) and tended to underestimate pain intensity. Test-retest reliability was high for all five self-report scales, and the correlation between these scales was very strong (r=.735~.856, p<.05). Comprehension rate of VDS (verbal descriptor scale) was 88.3%, and NRS (numeric rating scale) 69.9%, FPS (face pain scale) 66.9%, HVAS (horizontal visual analog scale) and VVAS (vertical visual analog scale) 65.4%.
CONCLUSION
Nurses should not apply observational scales routinely in demented patients as many of these are capable of reporting their own pain. Self-report, the highest standard of pain measurement can be reliably performed in a large proportion of demented elderly.

PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to understand and describe the experiences of young Korean women with attempted suicide.
METHODS
The data were collected by individual interviews from four women who attempted suicide during 2008-2009. A total of 25 hours interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed using feminist phenomenology to reflect and respect the participants' view and experience as much as possible.
RESULTS
Five theme clusters and ten themes emerged from the analysis. Five theme clusters include "anger resulting from others-oriented life," "guilt resulting from selfish life," "confusion resulting from unbalanced life between self and others," "attempted suicide resulting from the chaos of life as a whole," and "peace resulting from balanced life between self and others." While these theme clusters represent the phases of life experience, ten themes indicate specific problems or strategies raised during these phases in the context of male-oriented Korean patriarchal society.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study provide insights by deeply understanding of life of young women who attempted suicide in the Korean sociocultural context with the ideology of the subjection of women.

PURPOSE
This study was to examine the cardiopulmonary symptoms, quality of sleep, and depression, and to identify the influencing factors in the hospitalized coal worker's pneumoconiosis patient.
METHODS
137 hospitalized patients who received pneumoconiosis treatment were conveniently selected. A descriptive correlational study was conducted. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis.
RESULTS
The mean score of cardiopulmonary symptoms was relatively high (3.97+/-0.56, out of 5). The 5 and over score of quality of sleep, sleep disturbance was 94.2%, and the reported depression was 95.6%. The levels of depression depended on the oxygen therapy and family/acquaintance visiting. The depression was significantly correlated with the cardiopulmonary symptoms and quality of sleep. The influential factors affecting depression were cardiopulmonary symptoms and quality of sleep, which explained about 34.1% of the variance.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that nursing interventions are needed to reduce depression, and to improve cardiopulmonary symptoms and quality of sleep in the hospitalized pneumoconiosis patient. These results can provide for nursing intervention to facilitate reduction of depression.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the internet based coaching program for obesity management on weight control related knowledge, self-efficacy, eating habits, physical activity and obesity related physiological indexes in hypertensive patients.
METHODS
The study design was non-equivalent control group pre-test-post-test design. A total of 43 subjects were overweight or obese hypertensive patients aged 30 or older, who were divided into experimental group (n=23) and control group (n=20). This program lasting 12 weeks consisted of a weight control related education, internet based individual coaching for diet, exercise and behavior modification, offering internet community and health counseling. The variables were measured three times (before the treatment, after 6 weeks, and after 12 weeks) and the collected data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 17.0 program.
RESULTS
The experimental group had significantly improved weight control related knowledge, self efficacy, eating habits, body composition, and systolic blood pressure with time.
CONCLUSION
The internet based coaching program was effective in improving obesity management, also this program will help to prevent cardiovascular disease of obese hypertensive patients.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of nurses' caring behaviors and to identify influencing factors on nurses' caring behaviors for elders with dementia.
METHODS
Data were collected through questionnaires from 156 nurses in several demented elderly setting and analyzed by applying descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 16.0.
RESULTS
The average score for importance of nurses' caring behaviors was 3.55 and the 'attentive to other's experience' factor was the highest level. The mean score of nursing professional value was 8.46 and job satisfaction, 3.86. Importance of nurses' caring behaviors had a significant positive correlation with nursing professional value, job satisfaction and nurse's age. Four significant variables influencing importance of nurses' caring behaviors were job satisfaction, nursing professional value, working area of nurses and cognition dysfunction of elderly.
CONCLUSION
With the results of this study, importance of nurses' caring behaviors can be improved by intervening the factors affecting this importance. Based on the findings of this study, further nursing practice and research for nurses' caring the elders with dementia should be focused on job satisfaction, nursing professional value, working area of nurses and cognitive dysfunction of elderly.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of combined Western and Oriental medicine headache massage program for chronic headache patients.
METHODS
This study was designed using the Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The forty nine patients were divided into an experimental group (25 patients) and a control group (24 patients). Collected data were analyzed by Chi-test, t-test, Fisher's exact test, Repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS/WIN 14.0 program.
RESULTS
After treatment in this program, the experimental group had no significan difference in scores for headache intensity and frequency as the length of time in treatment increased compared to the control group. But there were significant decreases in the use of medication (F=4.209, p=.046) and disturbances in the quality of life related to headaches (F=13.097, p=.001) after providing the combined Western-Oriental massage program.
CONCLUSION
This program could have a positive effect on using medication for pain controllers and headache related quality of life. Based on the results of this study, further research focusing on the effectiveness of unique nursing intervention for chronic headache patients is suggested.

PURPOSE
This study was to identify nursing diagnosis-outcome-intervention (NANDA- NOC-NIC: NNN) linkages applied to inpatients in general surgical nursing units.
METHODS
We developed the NNN linkage computerized nursing process program, which consisted of the 107 nursing outcomes and the 190 nursing interventions linked to the 39 nursing diagnoses. This program was applied to 324 patients who admitted to those nursing units from July, 2004 to February, 2005.
RESULTS
First, nursing outcomes of each nursing diagnosis were identified as follows: for 'acute pain', pain control, pain level, and comfort level; for 'risk for infection', wound healing: primary intention, wound healing: secondary intention, and infection status; for 'nausea', nutritional status: food & fluid intake, comfort level, symptom severity and hydration. Second, major nursing interventions for each nursing outcome were analyzed as follows: for pain control or comfort level, pain management and medication management; for pain level, pain management and analgesic administration; for wound healing: primary intention, incision site care and wound care; for Wound healing: secondary intention or infection status, infection control; for nutritional status: food & fluid intake, fluid monitoring; for comfort level, nausea management; for symptom severity, nausea management and vomiting management; for hydration, fluid/electrolyte management.
CONCLUSION
This identified NNN linkages will facilitate the use of nursing process in surgical nursing practice and documentation systems.

PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to identify levels of hope, self-esteem, and quality of life, and to find correlations among these variables in people with spinal cord injury.
METHODS
This study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey. The data were collected by survey interview in 2010 from 120 people with spinal cord injury living in the community. To measure hope, self-esteem and quality of life, the Dispositional Hope Scale, Self-Esteem Scale, and World Health Organization's Quality of Life Instrument were utilized respectively. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis using SPSS version 12.0.
RESULTS
Mean score of hope was 2.56 and that of self-esteem was 3.23. Mean score of quality of life was 3.01. Statistically significant relationships were found between quality of life and hope (r=.73, p<.001), and between quality of life and self-esteem (r=.67, p<.001). Multiple regression analyses showed that hope and self-esteem were statistically significant in predicting quality of life with the explanatory power of 59.1%.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that nursing interventions fostering hope and self-esteem should be integrated in developing rehabilitation programs to improve quality of life for people with spinal cord injury.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of visiting exercise program and telecoaching for physical activity promotion on physical fitness such as grip strength, static equilibrium, dynamic equilibrium and quality of life in the frail elderly who are receiving home visiting nursing care.
METHODS
The subjects were 25 of the control group, 27 of experimental group A (visiting exercise) and 29 of experimental group B (visiting with telecoaching). The visiting exercise program and visiting with telecoaching was carried out 14 times for 24 weeks. The collected data were analyzed by chi2 test and ANOVA using SPSS/WIN 17.0 program.
RESULTS
After carrying out the program, both experimental group had significantly more improvement in right grip strength (F=10.12, p<.001), dynamic equilibrium (F=8.70, p<.001) and quality of life (F=2.46, p<.001) but there was no significant difference between two experimental groups. Also, there was a significant difference in left grip strength (F=4.08, p=.021) between visiting exercise group and control group. However, the static equilibrium among the groups was not significantly different (F=2.49, p<.089).
CONCLUSION
In this study, the visiting exercise program and visiting with telecoaching for physical activity promotion was effective and safe for the frail elderly who are receiving home visiting nursing care.