PURPOSE
The present study was designed to explore and compare attributes of the quality of life between Korean elderly and Korean- American elderly.
METHOD
The research design was a descriptive design and questionaries were used. Studies were done using questionnaires. Data were collected from convenient sample of 163 Korean elderly and 151 Korean-American elderly recruited from senior centers and churches. Collected data were analyzed by using SPSS/WIN 10.0.
RESULTS
There were significant difference between Korean elderly and Korean- American elderly in education and income. Korean-American elderly showed higher self- esteem, self-efficacy, and quality of life than those of Korean elderly. The influencing factors on quality of life in Korean elderly were defined as self-esteem and self-efficacy. And the influencing factor on quality of life in Korean- American elderly was defined as self-efficacy.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the results of this study showed that self-efficacy was a very important factor as attribution to the quality of life for both elderly group. Therefore, self-efficacy should be promoted in nursing intervention in order to enhance the quality of life for both Korean and Korean-American elderly.

PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to test the effects of music therapy on postoperative pain in patients with total hip replacement.
METHOD
The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were composed of thirty patients with total hip replacement. Fifteen of them were assigned to the experimental group and fifteen to the control group. Fifteen minutes tailored music therapy was given to the experimental group during five consecutive days. The instruments used for this study were pain NRS(numerical rating scale). The data were analyzed using percent, mean, standard deviation, chi-square-test and repeated measure ANOVA using SPSS WIN 11.0.
RESULTS
Hypothesis 1 "The score of pain NRS of experimental group will be lower than those of control group" was accepted(F=15.945, p<.001). Hypothesis 2 "The frequency of PCA analgesics of experimental group will be fewer than those of control group" was accepted (t=-2.312, p=.028). Hypothesis 3 "The vital signs(pulse, systolic BP and diastolic BP) of experimental group will be different from those of control group" was rejected.
CONCLUSION
This music therapy can be recommended as an efficient nursing intervention to reduce postoperative pain in patients with total hip replacement.

PURPOSE
This study was attempted to estimate the effects of diabetic education fortified with individual practice on plasma glucose, self-care, and self reported physical symptoms in type 2 diabetes patients METHOD: The subjects consisted of 46 patients with type 2 diabetes patients, who took the hospitalization diabetes education program from July 2003 until February 2004 at Seoul C university hospital. The experimental group was assessed at pre- and post intervention. The diabetes education was provided for one week. The education consisted of diabetes education videos for the diabetic introduction, group education for medication therapy, dietetic treatment and diabetes complication education. Also individual education for nurses examination of glycemia and insulin injection practice.
RESULTS
The HbA1c values significantly decreased from 9.6% on the time of hospitalization to 7.4% 3 months after discharge. In respect to the number of days of self-care, medication, diet, exercise, cleansing feet, and carrying sweets to prepare for hypoglycemia all significantly increased 3 months after discharge compared to the values at the time of hospitalization. Self reported physical symptoms were also significantly increased 3 months after discharge compared to the time of hospitalization.
CONCLUSION
The diabetic education fortified with individual practice can be practically used as a plan for managing glycemia, self-care, and self reported physical symptom of diabetes patients.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a school based smoking prevention program for college freshmen.
METHOD
The nonequivalent control group, pretest-post-test design was used. Among 16 departments in a University located in S city, students in 8, randomly selected, departments received 6 sessions of smoking prevention program consisted of small group discussion led by smoking cessation leaders, video watching, and lectures from March 15 to June 9, 2004. Students in remaining 8 departments did not receive any education. Student's attitude, intention, stress, temptation, knowledge and self efficacy was measured.
RESULT
The level of stress and smoking temptation was significantly decreased in the experimental group over that of the control group.
CONCLUSION
It was proven that this school based smoking prevention program was effective for decreasing smoking temptation in college freshmen. In the future, more efforts should be given to college age students to prevent them becoming chronic smokers.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to construct a structural model for explaining model health-related quality of life in acquired people with physical disabilities.
METHOD
The hypothetical model of this study was consisted of 6 latent variables and 14 observed variables. Exogenous variables included in this model were physical status and economical level. Endogenous variables were social attitudes, family function, self-esteem, and health-related quality of life. Data were collected from 226 acquired people with physical disabilities residing in Seoul and Kyunggi-do from January to February, 2005. The collected data were analyzed using SAS 8.2 version and LISREL 8.32 version program.
RESULTS
The results of the fitness test of the modified model were follow as; chi-square=67.479 (df=50, p=.05), GFI= .959, AGFI=.914, SRMR=.049, NFI=.961, NNFI=.979, CN=249.244. Health-related quality of life was influenced directly by physical status, economic level, and social attitudes and accounted for 88.8% of the variance by these factors.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that physical status is the most significant effect on health-related quality of life, and social attitudes and economic level are important factors having influences on health- related quality of life. Therefore improving physical status and economic level, and modifying negative attitudes are necessary to increase health-related quality of life of acquired people with acquired physical disabilities.

PURPOSE
This study was to examine the effect of electrical muscle stimulation therapy on chronic knee pain and depression for the aged.
METHOD
Design was one-group pretest-posttest design. Samples were 32 elderly of 60 years old and above with chronic knee pain and depression. Measures were the S-F McGill Pain Questuionnaire for chronic knee pain and the Korean Elderly Depression Scale for depression. Electrical muscle stimulation therapy, experimental treatment, was applied for 12 weeks, 3 times/week, 15 min/time. Data were collected from January 2005 to May 2005. Data were analyzed using SPSS PC+ 12 version.
RESULTS
After receiving electrical muscle stimulation therapy, chronic knee pain (t=-88.034, P=.000) and depression (t=-114.659, P=.000) were significantly decreased.
CONCLUSION
Electrical muscle stimulation therapy can be a better effective primary nursing intervention on chronic knee pain and depression for community dwelling elders.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of web-based learning for ventilator practice on the knowledge and clinical competence of nursing students.
METHOD
The research design was a non-equivalent control group pre-post non-synchronized design. Twenty five nursing students were collected for the experimental group from August 23 to November 26, 2004 and nineteen nursing students for the control group from August 22 to November 25, 2005. All subjects experienced clinical practices in an intensive care unit of a hospital in G city for 2 weeks. The web-based learning for ventilator practice was conducted in the experimental group only. The data were analyzed with t-test and ANCOVA using SPSS 10.1 program.
RESULT
The 2 week web-based clinical practice learning significantly improved the knowledge scores for the experimental group, however, there was no significant differences in the score for the clinical competence between experimental and control group.
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest that a self-directed web-based learning for ventilator practice of nursing students can facilitate the knowledge of care for a ventilated patient. Therefore, faculties should develop a variety of web-based multimedia content programs for clinical instruction based on clinical situation.

PURPOSE
This study examined the effects of spirituality promoting intervention for the stomach and colon cancer patients.
METHOD
A quasi-experimental design was used. Data collection was carried out from April 2004 to June, 2004 at a cancer center in Korea. The intervention included pray, meditation, group education and discussion for coping with cancer. The experimental group were received a 1-hour intervention per week for 6 weeks, while the control group received usual care. Data collection was done at pre and post intervention. The degree of spirituality was measured by the Korean version of WHOQOL-SRPB pilot test(WHO Quality of Life-Spirituality, Religiousness and Personal Beliefs pilot test) Module, and social support was measured using scores on a PRQ 85(Personal Resources Questionnaire). Fighting spirit was measured by the scores of MAC(Mental Adjustment to Cancer) scale.
RESULTS
The experimental group showed significant increase in the scores of social support and fighting spirit compared to those in the control group after the intervention. There were no significant changes in terms of the spirituality score compared to the baseline score in the experimental group and the control group.
CONCLUSION
This intervention appeared to be effective in increasing social support and fighting spirit, which considered to be very helpful in cancer adjustment.

PURPOSE
This study was undertaken in order to examine the factors related to sexual satisfaction in climacteric women.
METHOD
This was a descripitive correlation study. The subjects were 544 women in climacteric stage. Data were analyzed a using of descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression with a SPSS WIN11.0.
RESULTS
The predictors of sexual satisfaction were age, education, marital status, family income, number of delivery, hormone therapy, body image, state anxiety, trait anxiety, spouse support. These factors explained 57.6% of the total variance.
CONCLUSION
These finding suggest the need to develope nursing strategy to improve the sexual satisfaction in climacteric women. To improve the climacteric women's sexual satisfaction, the above major influencing factors should be considered.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that have influence on a health examination among the middle aged living in Busan.
METHOD
The survey was conducted with 235 participants who were the parents of students of five nursing schools in Busan, living in Busan, and subjects to a health examination under the National Health Insurance Corporation. The data was collected from September to November 2004 using a structured self-administered questionnaire that contained general characteristics, characteristics related to a health examination, and health belief variables. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 10.0.
RESULTS
Among the subjects, 122(51.9%) had performed a health examination in the past, and 113(48.1%) had not. Variables that have a significant influence on getting a health examination were: previous disease experience, perceived barrier and perceived seriousness. Those who did not have previous disease experience(2.6 times) and whose perceived seriousness was high(1.1 times) were more likely to have a health examination, and those with perceived barrier high(0.9 times) were less likely.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, to increase the rate of health examinations, it is necessary to advertise the importance of health examinations particularly for the people who had disease experience and the seriousness of target diseases; and furthermore, to remove barriers of a health examination.

PURPOSE
This research was done to explore the meaning of 'well-being' as experienced by middle aged people.
METHOD
The data were collected by individual in-depth interviews with 107 middle aged adults and it was analysed using qualitative content analysis.
RESULTS
4 components of the meaning of well-being as perceived by the participants were identified as follows: the life of free without physical discomfort and psychosocial distress; the life of comfort with plenty of time, space, material, and mind; the life of purity with natural material and honest mind; the life of harmony with extended consciousness.
CONCLUSION
Therefore the identified meanings of the well-being in this study should be reflected to the nursing education and the nursing practice.

PURPOSE
; This study was aimed to identify the effect of foot reflexology massage on climacteric symptom, fatigue and physiologic parameters of middle-aged women.
METHOD
; A non-equivalent pretest-posttest experimental design was used. Participants were recruited from the Community Health Center in Busan, Korea. Forty participants were assigned to either an experimental group(20) or a control group(20). Foot reflexology massage was administered twice a week for 6 weeks in the participant in experimental group.
RESULTS
There were statistically significant differences in climacteric symptom, fatigue, total cholesterol and cortisol level. However, there were no statistically significant differences in triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein.
CONCLUSION
; These results suggest that foot reflexology massage could be utilized as an effective nursing intervention to reduce climacteric symptom and fatigue in middle-aged women.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the level of knowledge about dementia and to find the related factors in middle-aged adults.
METHOD
The research design was a descriptive study by using a constructive self-report questionnaire with 34 items. Data were collected from 397 middle-aged adults using structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done by SPSS/WIN Programs using frequency, range from minimum to maximum, percentage, mean, SD, chi-square-test, t-test, ANOVA, and Duncan's Multiple Range test.
RESULTS
The rate of correct answer of middle-aged adults was 68.7%, showing the mid-level of knowledge about dementia. There were significant differences according to age, education, marital status, job, income, information and information sources for dementia in middle-aged adults.
CONCLUSION
These results indicate that Korean middle-aged adults need more education and counseling on dementia. Further studies are needed to overcome regionalism in sampling of this study and to develop standard measuring tools for the level of knowledge about dementia.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to describe role conflict and job satisfaction of Neurosurgery Clinical Nurse Specialist(NCNS) and to identify associated factors.
METHOD
The target populations was 77 NCNSs from 30 general hospitals. Data were collected with self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using t-test and ANOVA.
RESULTS
The overall mean scores of role conflict and job satisfaction were 3.60(+/-0.54) and 3.04(+/-0.46) respectively. Significant variables affecting role conflict were the working period as NCNS, the number of colleague NCNSs in working hospital, and assignment of prescription rights. The significant variable affecting job satisfaction was assignment of prescription rights. There was no statistically significant correlation between job and role conflict.
CONCLUSION
The variable effecting both role conflict and job satisfaction was the extent of prescription rights. In order to improve the quality of patient care and to protect Neurosurgery Nurse Clinical Specialist, the enactment of law on prescription practice is needed.

PURPOSE
This study was designed to verify effects of perineal care with aroma essential oil on urinary tract infection(UTI) in patients with indwelling urinary catheter.
METHOD
The research design was non equivalent control group pretest-post test design. The data were collected from March to August, 2005 at C university hospital in Seoul. The subjects were 43 patients who had a indwelling catheter in neurosurgery intensive care unit(NSICU). They were assigned to two groups, 21 subjects to the experimental group and 22 subjects to the control group. The experimental group received perineal care with 3% blending essential oil for 4 days.
RESULTS
In the experimental group, white blood cells and bacteria in urine were significantly lower than control group. Bacteria in urine culture was lower in the experimental group at post test.
CONCLUSION
Perineal care with aroma essential oil could be an effective intervention to reduce the UTI of patients in NSICU.