This study was designed to compare the outcomes between my ocardial infarction' participation and not-participation in cardiac rehabilitation, so explain how participation in cardiac rehabilitation can be a worthwhile intervention that facilitates recovery from MI. B furthermore this research is intended to provide the fundamental backgrounds in developing cardiac rehabilitation program that can help to improve the patients' the quality of life. A total of 80 out-patients were selected as subject to data collection from April 1th to May 10 1996. The rehabilitated group, consisting of the 40 out-patients had participated with the non-rehabilitation group of 40 out-patients had received usual care during hospitalization. The tools for this study were state-anxiety scale devised by Spielberger(1976) performance health behavior scale developed by Lee(1992) and quality of life scale producted by McGirr(1990). The data were analyzed by use of chi test, ANCOVA, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and simple regression using the SPSS program. The study was concluded as follows : 1. Hypothesis 1 : that "the rehabilitation group's anxiety was lower than the non-rehabilitation group's was accepted(t=-2.60, p=0.011). 2. Hypothesis 2 : that "the rehabilitation group's level of performance health behavior was higher than the non-rehabilitation group's" was accepted(t=6.39, p=0.000). 3. Hypothesis 3 : that "the rehabilitation group's quality of life was higher than the non-rehabilitation group's was accepted(t=2.73, p=0.008). 4. The correlations between anxiety, performance health behavior and quality of life. The relationship between anxiety and performance health behavior revealed a significant correlation(r=-.4433, p<.05). And the relationship between anxiety and quality of life revealed a significant correlation(r=-.7679, p<.05), the relationship between performance health behavior and quality of life revealed a significant correlation(r=3934, p<.05). As a result, it was found that the cardiac rehabilitation groups' anxiety was lower than the non-rehabilitation group's, the rehabilitation group' level of performance health behavior was higher than the non-rehabilitation group's. And the rehabilitation group's quality of life was higher than the non-rehabilitation group's. Therefore this study explained how participation in cardiac rehabilitation can be a worthwhile intervention that facilitates recovery from MI.

One of the important activities nursing is the alleviating of discomfort including pain as providing comfort to patient. Postoperativediscom has been underestimated because it is only a part of postoperative physiological process and disappear in time. The study was designed to investigate the effect of relaxation technique on postoperative discomfort of patients with lumbosacral back pain. A total of 40 patients were selected as a subject from August 12th to October 10th 1995 who had been hospitalized at NS and OS nursing units in K medical center. Of them twenty were in the experimental group and the remaining twenty were in the control group in convenience sampling. The tools for study were Relaxation technique, designed to use postoperative setting adequately by Park, and Postoperative Discomfort Scale. The data were analyzed by use of t-test an x2 test. The study was concluded as follows : The main hypothesis, that "the experimental group who used relaxation technique will express a lesser score of postoperative discomfort than the control group who did not use relaxation technique" is divided into seven sub-hypotheses. Hypothesis 1, that "the experimental group will express less postoperative pain than the control group"was supported(t=-7.52, p=0.000). Hypothesis 2, that "the experimental group will express less postoperative feeling of unpleasantness than the control group"was supported(t=-7.04, p=0.000). Hypothesis 3, that "the experimental group will express less postoperative immobilization discomfort than the control group"was supported(t=-6.66, p=0.000). Hypothesis 4, that "the experimental group will show fewer nonverbal expressions of postoperative distress than the control group"was supported(t=-3.75, p=0.01). Hypothesis 5, that "the experimental group will use analgesic medication less frequently than the control group" was supported(t=-4.15, p=0.000). Hypothesis 6, that "the experimental group will have less change in vital sings between the pre and postoperative periods than control group"was supported only for respiratory rate(t=-4.06, p=0.000). Hypothesis 7. that "the experimental group will express less postoperative voiding difficulty than the control group"was not supported(t=0.06, p=0.951). As a result, this study showed that relaxation technique has the effect to postoperative discomfort of the patients with lumbosacral back pain, so the researcher thought it is enable for nurses to help patients undergoing postoperative discomfort.

The Purpose of this study was to obtain the basic data to identify effective nursing methods for intravenous therapy patients by means of investigating the incidence of phlebitis and identifying the risk factors for intravenous-related phlebitis which cared by the IV team nurses. The data collected from August, 30, 1995 to October, 2, 1995. The subjects of this study were 495 IV catheters of 270 patients hospitalized to the 3 internal medicine and the 3 surgical wards of large general hospital who received the continuous IV therapy. In order to investigate the incidence of phlebitis, investigator developed the criteria for judging phlebitis and assessment records concerning the phlebitis. Catheter sites was inspected on a daily basis by IV team nurses, and development of phlebitis was graded and documented. The data were analyzed using the PC-SAS program : Percentages and Chi-Square test were used. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. Over-all rate of incidence of intravenous-related phlebitis was 8.7%(Grade III 8.5%, Grade IV 0.2%). 2. There was significant difference in the incidence of phlebitis by sex. It was 12.00% in female as compared to 6.44% in male. 3. There was no significant difference in the incidence of phlebitis by age. 4. There was significant difference in the incidence of phlebitis according to duration of catheter placement. The incidence of phlebitis was the highest within 24 hour after insertion. 5. There was significant difference in the incidence of phlebitis according to the location of the insertion site. Lower extremities were 22.22% as compared to 8.18% in upper extremities. But, there was no difference in the incidence of phlebitis according to the location of the insertion site among upper extremities catheters. 6. There was significant difference in the incidence of phlebitis by the size of cannula 22G was 11.08% as compared to 4.14% in 18G. 7. There was no significant difference in the incidence of phlebitis between surgical and medical wards. It was 10.96% in surgical wards as compared to 6.88% in medical wards. In conclusion, the following risk factors can be attributed to the incidence of phlebitis : sex, the duration of catheter placement, the location of the insertion site and the size of cannula inserted. Consequently, in order to prevent and detect the intravenous-related phlebitis early, a consistent, organized assessment and evaluation of the above factors during the intravenous therapy.

The purpose of this study was to test Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior(IMCHB) of Cox repeatedly and to determine the contributions of sociodemographic variables, health experiences, family functioning, intrinsic motivation, health perception, self esteem, to health behavior of highschool students. A convenient sample of 2nd grade highschool students(N=638) responded to self-report questionnaires. The IMCHB was then tested with data using SAS program by frequency, t-test, ANOVA, regression. The results were as follows 1. Health behaviors were found to be gender specific. 2. From the body's model, mother and students health affected health perception and self-esteem among a set of background variables. Health perception and self-esteem are related to health behaviors. 20% of the varience in body's health behavior are explained by health perception and self-esteem. 3. From the girls model, students health explained 13.3% of health perception varience and father's health explained 11.6% of self-esteem varience. 16% of health behavior varience are explained by health perception and self-esteem. The results indicated that there was a relatively poor fit of the IMCHB to the highschool students data. But further study using the IMCHB to define health outcome in student is needed to verify the linkage. The model generated in this study clarified the contribution of some factors such as parental and student's health status. The results also indicated that the schoolnurse has to develop the health care program for students and their parent with community resources to improve health perception and self-esteem of students for intervening health behavior of highschool students.

Although there are many peri-operative measures to reduce core temperature loss during operation, rapid drop has been experienced in the first sixty minutes following induction of general anesthesia. Recently, preoperative warming has been emphasized to prevent inadvertant hypothermia during operation. The purpose of this study is to find the effect of preoperative warming on reducing rectal temperature drop in surgical patients. With informed consent, 46 female adult patients, scheduled for total abdominal hysterectomy or salpingo-oophorectomy in the Seoul National University Hospital from September 3, 1996 to September 19, 1996 were divided into two groups. The variables of age and body surface were matched between the two groups as possible. Among them, 24 patients were preparatively covered up to the shoulders with a forced-air warming blanket(WARM TOUCHTM). set between 36-40degrees C for prewarming, and the other 22 patients(control group)were not before the induction of anesthesia. Rectal temperature was measured by mercury thermometer for rectum after admission to the operating room and by rectal probe which was inserted in the rectum just before the induction during the operation. The rectal temperature was monitored and recorded at every fifteen minutes for the first sixty minutes after the induction and each step during the surgery(intubation, surgical draping, peritoneum opening, one hour and the end of the operation) Collected data were analyzed by means of t-test, Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance with PC-SAS. The results of this study are as following. (1) There was no significant difference between the two groups in age, weight, height, room temperature, basal rectal temperature, operation time. (2) Temperature gradient of the rectal temperature in the warming group was less steeper than that in the control roup during the first sixty minutes after general anesthesia. (3) The rectal temperature measured at every fifteen minutes for the first sixty minutes and the end of surgery after the general anesthesia showed the difference between the two groups during surgery. (4) There was no rectal temperature difference during the intubation, however there was significant temperature difference between the two groups from draping to the end of surgery. In conclusion, prewarming of the surgical patient before induction resulted in increased the skin temperature and heat content, which relieved the dangerous core temperature drop which is potential to be provoked within one hour after induction of the surgical patients and kept the rectal temperature higher than that of the control group during surgery. The suggestions from this study shown below : First, further study is needed to find the preventive effect of the core temperature drop in the first sixth minutes after anesthetic induction by preoperative warming for gastrorectal, thoracic surgery patients who man have the core temperature drop during the operation. Second, in other to keep patient normothermia during the surgery, it needs to study whether using pre-and peri-operative warming can prevent hypothermia or not. Finally, the study of the peroperative warming effect on surgical patients' relaxation and thermal discomfort before the operation is needed because most patients in the case group said to have felt thermal comfort ; 'comfortable' and 'good'.

This study has been undertaken in order to 1) test the effect of health education on the performance of health promoting lifestyle, self efficacy, control and perceived health status in college students, 2) assess whether pretreatment level of self-efficacy, control, and perceived health status predict post-treatment health promoting lifestyle, 3) assess whether pre-to post-treatment changes in self-efficacy, control, and perceived health status predict post-treatment health promoting lifestyle, and 4) examine the correlation between changes in subscales of health promoting lifestyle. One-group pretest-posttest design was used. Fifty eight college students at T college in T city were studied. They attended a health education, which is composed of 13 sessions(one session per week, 130 minutes per one session). This study was conducted from August 26 to December 2. The instrument used for this study included a survey of general characteristics, self-efficacy, control, perceived health status and health promoting behavior. Analysis of data was done by use of mean, percentage, paired t-test, pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1) The average item score for the health promoting lifestyle was low at 2.301. In the sub-categories, the highest degree of performance was interpersonal support(2.87), following self actualization, nutrition, stress management, exercise, and the lowest degree was health responsibility(1.67). Female students had lowest degree in exercise subscale(1.48). A significant correlation between self-efficacy and control, self-efficacy and perceived health status, self-efficacy and health promoting lifestyle, control and health promoting lifestyle. Self-efficacy was the highest factor predicting health promoting lifestyle of college students(38.31%). 2) No significant difference among total health promoting lifestyle and subcategories of health promoting lifestyle. Self-efficacy was increased after health education than that of before education(T=2.33, P=.023). Control was decreased after education than that of before education(T=-2.03, P=.046). 3) Pretreatment self-efficacy, control, and health status did not predict post-treatment health promoting lifestyle. 4) Pre-to post-treatment changes in self-efficacy predicted post-treatment stress management subscore. 5) Pre-to post-treatment changes in control predicted post-treatment self actualization and exercise subscale. A significant correlation between changes in self-actualization and changes in exercise, changes in self-actualization and changes in nutrition, changes in health responsibility and changes in exercise, changes in exercise and changes in interpersonal support, changes in exercise and changes in stress management, changes in nutrition and changes in interpersonal support, and changes in interpersonal support and changes in stress management.

The concept of caring as the core value of nursing has been widely explored in many researchers. However, a clear conceptualization of what caring in nursing does not yet exist. The purpose of this study is to examine the attributes of caring by content analysis of journaling and to provide basic information for developing the theory of caring and teaching the humanism centered education. The study design was descriptive survey design. Data was colleged 82 cases of journaling which came from 26 junior and 30 senior nursing students from Oct. 1995 to June 1996. The collected data were analyzed using the content analysis by Ko, and et als.(1989) and Polit & Hngler(1987). To improve the validity two researchers examined the significant statements extracted from original contents. The results are as follows: The emphasized contents clusters of caring were 12 categories- , , , , , , , , , , , . , elements of the caring emerged new attributes of caring and the <> element of the caring was mentioned with high frequency as strongest element. The emphasized contents clusters of non caring were 9 categories - , , , , , , , , .

Oral mucositis continues to be a major complaint of patients who have chemotherapy for the acute leukemia. An innovative and inexpensive remedy which produces favorable results for those afficted is not yet introduced. So we tried to develop two oral care protocols for reducing the level of oral mucositis during cytotoxic therapy through literature review and our clinical experience. The one is sodium bicarbonate-normal saline gargling, and the other consists of chlorhexidine gargling. This quasi-experimental study was performed to compare the efficacy of these two different oral care protocols. Twenty subjects were assigned to one of the two specific diagnosis of leukemia, aim of the chemotherapy. The Oral Assessment Guide(OAG), the Beck's perception of oral comfort, WHO Grading system fot mucositis and the discomfort of oral gargling solution were used to assess oral status and subject's oral discomfort during chemotherapy. Each subjects were observed daily from the start of the chemotherapy until Absolute Neutrophil Count(ANC) reached 1,000. It continued about 2-4 weeks. The data analyzed by Mann-Whittney U test and ANCOVA. The result was follows as: The patient who used sodium bicarbonate-normal saline gargling showed significantly higher mean score of the discomfort of oral gargling solution than chlorhexidine gargling. The other scores were not significantly different between two groups. However the subjects using the sodium bicarbonate-normal saline gargling showed a lower level of oral mucositis. We concluded that oral using sodium bicarbonate-normal saline gargling was between to reduce the level of oral mucositis during chemotherapy and nursing assessments of the oral cavity seemed to promote patient's compliance with the oral care regimen.

Fatigue is the subjective sense which people experience and use commonly in their lives. Although factors regards with fatigue have been explored in specific population, minimal study has been devoted to exploring associated variables generally healthy women. This descriptive study examined the relationship of demographic factors and depressions to subjective fatigue among women in the community who have no critical health problems. From June 15 to July 15, 1996, a convenience sample of 255 adult women completed the questionnaire which was developed by the author on the basis of Yoshitake's(1978) and Zung(1965), respectively. Pearson's correlation, t-test, ANOVA and Mann-Whitney test were used to analyze the data with SPSS/PC+ 5.0 for Windows. The results were as follows ; 1) Average fatigue score of the subjects was 12.57(+/-7.15)(range 0~30). Fatigue scores by area were neuroperceptive fatigue(4.81+/-2.90), physical fatigue(3.99+/-2.46) and mental fatigue(3.71+/-2.91) in order. Subjects with the fatigue scores more than 20 were forty four, 17.2 percent of total subjects. 2) Average depression score was 46.1(+/-6.96)(range 16~64), which was not so high. 3) Statistically significant relationship was noted between fatigue and depression scores(r=-.6747, p<.001) that means the more depressive, the more be fatigued. Correlations with respective fatigue area and depression were mental fatigue(r=-.6833, p<.001), neuroperceptive fatigue(r=-.5293, p<.001) and physical fatigue(r=-.5189, p<.001) in order. 4) Presence of disease revealed as the statistically significant variable affecting fatigue scores(t=-4.31, p<.001). Other variables such as age, marriage and job, however, had no statistically significant effect on the fatigue scores. Fatigue can meaningfully undermine quality of life in women who are accustomed to leading active lives. Fatigue is disabling, and a serious symptom to those who suffer from it. It is important for health providers as well as the women to recognize that there exits the relationship between fatigue and depression. Further investigation is necessary to facilitate adequate resolution of the clients' problem from fatigue leading to diminishment of the significance.

During the past 10 years, concern for women's health has increased together with the social changes. Public health policies and studies for women's health, however, have emphasized only child-maternal health to want general covering and studies of health and wellness. Particularly study of women's health in island area is almost rare personal, material benefits in this area lack quantity, amount of women's labor is big, and basic elements of living such as diet and elimination are irregular, due to the range of the tide thus has many potential health problems. In this regard, this study attempted to grasp the health problems of adult women island and to provide bases for developing health promotion and health problems of adult women island and to provide bases for developing health promotion and health education programs. In collecting data for this study, face to face interviews were made through a structured questionnaire from August 1 to November 1 in 1996. And collected data were analyzed with SAS statistics program, descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. Subjects' health status were examined by classifying into such as their health perception, complained health problem, smoking, alcohol intake, substance abuse, health behavior, comprehensive medical testing, nutritional status, muscle strength, and stretching, and the result of examination is as follows ; 1. As for subjects' health perception, 29.8% of the subject answered that 'not sick but not so healthy' 33.11% thought they were healthy, while 36.82% answered they were not healthy. 2. As for the complained health problem, many complained pains in the muscle and skeletal system, especially back pain and knee joint pain. Women's health problems related with the breast and reproductive system included case of 52.26% of receiving the breast self examination while 56.55% of receiving the cerivcal cancer screening test. 3. As for the rate of smoking, 16.77% used to smoke while 12.74% used to intake alcohol. 4. Rate of substance abuse was 48.39% of the subject. 5. Subjects' health behaviors included most of the acupuncture(60.64%) and fomentation therapy(33.36%) in the order. 6. Rate of subjects receiving the comprehensive medical testing was 34.36% while 34.78% did after ward managing behaviors. 7. As for the nutrition status, 57.63% illy balanced to need the intervention of nutritional education. 8. 87.1% of subjects' muscle strength and 55.48% of stretching were not good enough to need the health education on physical exercises. Therefore, based on this result, appropriate health education programs require to be developed to promote the adult women's health in island.

The purpose of this study was to develop an educational program for early detection of breast cancer. The educational program for early detection of breast cancer was developed by literature reviews and survey. Literatures about the early detection of breast cancer, the factors which are influenced on the effects of educational program, and the various techniques of educational program for the early detection of breast cancer were reviewed. The survey was tried to search for the current knowledge about breast cancer and early detection of breast cancer of Korean women using questionnaire developed by investigator. The educational program were as follows ; 1. Objectives of the educational program Upon completion of this educational program, participants will able to ; (1) identify, explain and practices the methods of the early detection breast cancer (2) practices breast self-examination by themselves (3) try to continued the practices for the early detection of breast cancer. 2. Assessment of subjects Assess the participant about the factors which are influenced on the effects of educational program. The factors are age, educational level, marital status, social status, level of knowledge of breast examination, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived seriousness, motivation, discomfort, and desire for control of health status. 3. Education The exact knowledge about the early detection methods of breast cancer provided such as breast self examination, mammogram, and physical examination by health personnel should be included. For the highest effects of educational program whether group teaching or individual teaching, free discussion and practice are very useful. 4. Evaluation of the effects of education Participant should be evaluated by the objectives after finishing education program. 5. Follow-up care Reinforcement using small booklet which is consisted of checklist and basic information and early detection methods of breast cancer by health personnel should be included.

A review of the literature on cancer pain revealed that many persons with cancer receive inadequate analgesia for pain control, due in part to a lack of knowledge of the control of cancer pain by both physicians and nurses. This study is composed of two parts : one is to train nurses to change their knowledge of and attitude toward the pain management of patients having cancer and to evaluate the effectiveness of this training in comparison with other non-trained group ; the other is to test the applicability of the pain management method knowledge and attitude in the levels of pain of oncology patients. General characteristics of nurses such as age, education, educational experiences of cancer pain management were not different in both groups except the clinical experience. General characteristics of cancer patients and pain-related variables such as pain, sleep, daily activities, treatment modalities, causes of pain were not different in both groups except the educational levels of patients. After an eight-hour educational program given to the experimental nurse group, the knowledge and attitude about assessment of cancer pain, pain medication, and pharmacological knowledge were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group, while knowledge about classification of analgesics was not significantly different. The amount of analgesics, measured by the morphine equivalent doses, used in the experimental group was significantly lower than in the control group in the first and the last days. The experimental group used more systematic ways of drug changes from non-narcotic analgesics to narcotic analgesics than the control group. This indicated that the control group used fentanyl patches more commonly than in the control group. Cancer pain scores of both group of patients were measured on an hourly bases for a week in both groups. The patients' pain scores of the first day of measurement in experimental group were not significantly higher than those of control group of patients, while those of the last day were significantly higher than those of the control group. This study supports the need for educational program for the management of cancer pain to the nurses and the doctors.