PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to assess the difference between prevalence and risk factors of the metabolic syndrome(MS) by gender in type2 diabetic patients.
METHOD
108 participants(males 69, females 39) were recruited from the endocrinology outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in an urban city. MS was defined by a third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults(Adult Treatment Panel lll)(ATP lll), and abdominal obesity was determined by Asia-Pacific criteria in waist circumference.
RESULTS
The prevalence of MS by definition of NCEP-ATPlll and the Asia-Pacific criteria in waist circumference was 39.3% in males and 66.7% in females type2 diabetic patients. The abdominal obesity prevalence was seen in 44.9% of males and in 79.5% of females patients. The prevalence of low HDL-cholesterolemia in serum was 26.2% in male, 52.8% in female type2 diabetic patients.
CONCLUSION
These results show that nurses should focus on female diabetic patients for preventing MS.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identity the effects of a health promotion program for rural elderly people on self efficacy, health problems, farmers syndrome and quality of life.
METHOD
The study was a nonequivalent control group pre-post experimental design. The data collection was performed from April 12th, 2003 to August 2nd, 2003. The subjects were selected at Mari Myun Geochang Gun in Korea. Forty-four elders were included in the experimental group and 45 elders were included in the control group. The 16-week health promotion program was given to the experimental group. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi-square-test, t-test, paired t-test with SPSS/Win 10.0 program.
RESULT
The experimental group showed a lower scores of health problems and farmers syndrome than the control group, and higher scores of quality of life than the control group. There were no significant differences in self efficacy.
CONCLUSION
From the above results, it can be concluded that the health promotion program for rural elderly is an effective intervention for improving the rural elderly's quality of life and reducing health problems and farmer's syndrome. Therefore, development of strategy that can spread the health promotion program for rural elderly to the elderly of other rural areas are needed.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to identify the effects of the self efficacy promoting program on self efficacy and performance of preventive health behavior of uterine cervical cancer for community nurses.
METHOD
A one group quasi-experimental research with pre and post test design was used. The subjects of the study were consisted of twenty two community nurses in a city in Korea. The whole program was carried out from July to September, 2003. The effect of the program was analyzed at the first week, the fifth week, and the ninth week since the experiment input began. Data were analyzed with repeated ANOVA to determine the effects of program.
RESULTS
1) After the self efficacy promoting program, self efficacy scores were significantly increased compared to those before the program(F=12.029. p=0.005). 2) After the self efficacy promoting program, preventive health behavior scores were significantly increased than those before the program(F=10.431. p=0.006).
CONCLUSIONS
This 9-week program showed much affirmative effect on the prevention of uterine cervical cancer for community nurses. Thus this program can be recommended to the management of the prevention and early detection of uterine cancer.

PURPOSE
The descriptive-correlational study was undertaken in order to investigate the relationships between critical thinking disposition and critical thinking skill in clinical nurses.
METHODS
A convenience sample of 50 registered nurses was obtained from E University Hospital. The instruments used in this study were general characteristics, California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI) and California Critical Thinking Skill Test(CCTST) developed by Facione & Facione (1994). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient with SPSS 12.0 Program.
RESULTS
1) There was a statistically significant difference in critical thinking disposition according to age (F=3.23, p=.03) and educational background (F=39.07, p=.00). 2) There was a statistically significant difference in critical thinking skill according to age (F=3.40, p=.02), educational background(F=32.51, p=.00), and period of professional nursing experience(F=3.56, p=.02).
CONCLUSION
A significant positive correlation between critical thinking disposition and critical thinking skill was found(r=.68, p=.00). Critical thinking disposition and critical thinking skill according to age and educational background had statistically significant differences. Therefore, it is needed to emphasize the necessity of continuous education and training of nurses which prepare their critical thinking ability.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to understand the meaning of mind control as it is understood by elderly persons in Korea.
METHOD
This study was conducted by engaging three elderly persons who are over the age of sixty five and presently residing in Seoul. Several in depth interviews were conducted with these individuals from March 2003 until November 2003. The contents of the interviews were analyzed using the Giorgi Method (1985), which places the emphasis on discovering meaning within the phenomenological context of an individual's experience.
RESULTS
The analysis of the contents revealed the following four components with regard to the meaning of mind control for elderly persons (1) Settling the mind (2) Gradual lowering of expectations and hope for the success of offspring, (3) Having good thoughts and acting accordingly, and (4) Making up one's mind to follow the 'natural flow of life'.
CONCLUSION
By allowing a wider and deeper understanding of the meaning of mind control for elderly persons the results of this study provide a basis for improving the care of elderly with a holistic perspective.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the current attitudes and knowledge toward Koryo Hand Therapy(KHT) by the experienced people.
METHOD
The Subjects for this study included 3,351 people living in Korea who experienced KHT. The data were collected from April 6 to November 25, 2004 using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed through the SAS 8.1 Windows Program using frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient.
RESULTS
The results of the study are as follows: 1) Families and relatives were a main source of information about Koryo Hand Therapy. The subjects were very satisfied with therapeutic and preventive effects of the therapy. Sujichim was the most preferable choice in the KHT. Most of the subjects thought that KHT could be applied to modern medicine. 2) Those who experienced KHT had a high level of knowledge and very positive attitudes toward KHT. 3) There were statistically significant differences in the attitude toward KHT according to age, gender, educational level, religion, income, place of residence, marital status and experience which studied KHT. 4) There were significant differences in the knowledge of KHT according to age, educational level, income, marital status and experience which studied KHT. 5) The data showed positive correlation between attitude and knowledge.
CONCLUSION
According to the above findings, it can be concluded that KHT needs to be actively informed and more easily approached by general peoples. Nursing protocols of KHT needed to be developed.

PURPOSE
To identify the agreed opinion of experts on oriental health promotion services and nursing in Korea.
METHOD
The study is based on the 3-round Delphi method. As a Delphi panel, a total of 28 people with at least three years of experience in the area of oriental medicine consisted of this.
RESULTS
The experts suggested that Yangsaeng, lectures on prevention of CVA, correct understanding of the misuse/abuse of oriental medicine, daily health care, meridian/acupoints massage, and Kigong therapy should be included in the promoting oriental health nursing servies.
CONCLUSION
The agreed opinions by the experts on the oriental health promotion services and nursing, can help enhance the understanding of oriental health promotion. The curriculum should be developed further and tested with the development of the Korean oriental nursing intervention methods which is appropriate to Korean culture.

PURPOSE
This study was to investigate the factors influencing the quality of life of patients with hemophilia and to provide the data for health promoting intervention in order to improve their quality of life.
METHOD
The subjects of this study were involved 186 male patients with hemophilia by convenience sampling. These results were analyzed statistically by frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Stepwise multiple regression.
RESULTS
There were significant differences in the quality of life according to the frequency of bleeding. Quality of life showed negative relationships and health problems, bleeding, limitation of joint motion, and depression with stepwise Multiple Regression analysis for quality of life revealed that the most powerful predictor was depression. Depression, health problem, and limitation of joint motion accounted for 64.6% of the variance in the quality of life of patients with hemophilia.
CONCLUSION
Therefore it is necessary to develop nursing interventions with these variables to increase the quality of life for patients with hemophilia.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate foot ulcer risk factors, foot care knowledge, and foot care practice in patients with type 2 diabetes.
METHOD
One hundred fifty type 2 diabetic patients were in and out-patients in a large urban hospital. The data were collected using a self-report questionnaire, chart review and foot examination. The questionnaires were developed by the researchers through the experts consultation and literature review. High risk for foot ulcer was evaluated by peripheral neuropathy(PN), peripheral vascular disease(PVD), and prior foot ulcer. Foot risk scores(FRS) means numbers of present risk factors.
RESULTS
31.3% of subjects show 1 FRS, and 13.3% showed 2 FRS. Mean foot care frequency was 3.5 times per week. There were significant differences in foot care knowledge according to DM education (t=2.96, p=.004) and foot care education (t=3.65, p=.001). There were significant differences in the foot care practice activities according to duration of DM (t=3.48, p=.010) and educational levels.
CONCLUSION
There were high proportion of foot ulcer risk among the patients. It is necessary to screen high risk foot ulcer patients and provide practical education for foot care practice of diabetic patients.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to study complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) used among cancer patients in Korea.
METHOD
This study was a descriptive survey. Study participants were 1,150 cancer patients selected from 28 representative hospitals in Korea. Data were collected between December 1, 2004 and March 30, 2005.
RESULTS
Their diagnosis were as follows : 20.0% for breast cancer, 15.6% for stomach cancer, 14.4% for liver cancer, 10.8% for lung cancer, 10.0% for colon cancer, and 10.0% for uterine cancer. 75.0% of cancer patients had used CAM. The most popular categories of CAM use were diet with 153.2%, non-prescription of oriental medical doctor 47.9% and mind-body control 20.3%. CAM use gender, age, cancer type, cancer treatment method, and current treatment type was significantly different in.
CONCLUSION
CAM use among cancer patients in Korea was very popular (75.0%) and so systemic guidelines of CAM use are needed.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to develop a set of standardized nursing interventions and their associated nursing activities according to the NIC system to guide home care nurses in performing nursing intervention activities for hospice patients.
METHOD
This study was a descriptive survey that first identified frequently used & specialized hospice nursing interventions based on the NIC systems and next validated a set of standardized nursing interventions and their associated nursing activities. One hundred chart records of home hospice patients were used to identify nursing interventions. Also, thirty-nine hospice specialized nurses participated twice using the Delphi technique to test the content validity of the standards.
RESULTS
Among the nursing interventions, 19 important nursing interventions and 418 associated nursing activities were selected after two rounds of Delphi technique by hospice specialized nurses. The mean content validity of the final nursing activities was 0.82. In this paper, only the 3 most frequently used nursing interventions and 3 hospice specialized nursing interventions with their associated nursing activities are presented since space is limited.
CONCLUSION
The nursing intervention standards will be a basis for home hospice nurses to improve quality of hospice care for hospice patients.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to propose a theoretical model of hope commonly held by the cancer patients just after surgery, under the assumptions that hope of those patients is not only realistic and disease oriented but in dialectical circulation.
METHOD
A theoretical model was generated through 4 steps: exploring a hope structure by synthesizing the relevant hope structures expressed in Kim and Tae's studies, in-depth literature review, examining the meanings of the concepts consisted of the structure in use and their causal relations in logical adequacy, proposing a theoretical structure through synthesizing the causal relations, and diagramming the structure.
RESULTS
The proposed theoretical model involves concepts such as Cancer Related Uncertainty (CRU), Efforts to Find out the Possibility of Cure or Recovery (EFPCR), and Hopefulness or Hopelessness. The 'EFPCR' is stipulated as 'Behaviors Related to Looking for Evidences or Cues (BRLEC)' and 'Formation of Cognitive Schema (FCS)'. In the model, Hopefulness is directly influenced by 'CRU in low', which is affected by 'FCS in good' from the result of EFPCR started with 'CRU in increase' while 'CRU with increase' from the result from EFPCR has direct effect on Hopelessness.
CONCLUSION
The theoretical model would be used to enhancing hope of the cancer patients in post-operation.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify pain intensity according to activities over postoperative days and to identify factors of patient satisfaction with pain management after abdominal surgery.
METHODS
The subjects were 123 patients who were admitted at a general surgical ward and had abdominal surgery from Mar. 2005 to June 2005. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 12.0 program.
RESULTS
The average postoperative pain scores were 6.13 at POD 1, 5.46 at POD 2, and 4.22 at POD 3. In stepwise multiple regression analysis a total of 40% of variance in satisfaction with pain management was accounted for by pain intensity on POD 3 at rest (29.4%) and attitude toward using pain medicine (6.6%), and side effects of pain medicine (4.0%).
CONCLUSION
According to the findings of this study, patients had inadequate pain management after abdominal surgery. Therefore, nurses need to provide educational programs focused on changing attitudes toward using pain medicine, to reduce side effects of pain medicine, and to develop nursing intervention for relieving pain.

PURPOSE
This study was performed to identify relationships among stress, hardiness, and the level of self-care in kidney transplant patients and use the results of this study as baseline data for developing self-care promotion programs.
METHOD
Subjects were 41 patients who undergone a kidney transplantation surgery at least one month before and were receiving regular follow-up care via OPD. Four researchers interviewed each subjects by filling out questionnaires.
RESULTS
The mean score of the level of stress was 2.32(SD=0.54) on a 4 point scale and the mean score of hardiness was 4.68(SD=0.62) on a 6 point scale. The mean score of self-care among the subjects was 3.83(SD=0.55). There was statistically a significant positive relationship between self-care and hardiness(r=0.42). Especially, relationships between self-care and commitment (r=.51) and control(r=.36) as the sub- dimensions of hardiness were significant. The item suggested as most stressful was economic burden and the item suggested as least stressful was sexual activity.
CONCLUSION
Although transplant patients have various stressors, the positive self-care activities of the patients could be increased if the commitment and control were enhanced by proper intervention programs.

PURPOSE
1) to construct cohorts according to risk scores calculated with the Gail Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (Gail et al., 1989) (Gail) and the Breast Cancer Risk Appraisal (Lee et al,. 2003) (Lee) 2) to identify the distribution of risk factors and preventive behavior stages between the cohorts 3) to identify abnormal breast conditions in risk cohort.
METHOD
Using convenience sampling, 775 rural women were selected. Risk appraisal was scored using Gail and Lee. Preventive behavior stages for BSE (Breast self examination) and mammography were measured using 4 stages of the Transtheoretical Model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983).
RESULTS
1) The risk cohort according to Gail was 12.3% (n=95), and Lee, 3.1% (n=24). 2) There were significant differences in the distribution of risk factors (age, family history, age at 1st live birth, age at menarche, number of breast biopsy, history of breast disease, and breast-feeding) between cohorts. 3) There was a significant difference in the distribution of the stage of BSE according to Lee. 4) Six women in the risk group detected masses or nodules and physician consultation and ultrasonography were recommended.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the constructed cohorts, further longitudinal studies of cohorts are recommended with interventions according to characteristics of cohorts.