The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the changes of salivary cortisol and electrolytes as an indicator of stress in nursing practice. Unstimulated 5cc saliva samples were collected at pre-duty and post-duty, and were measured with chemical assay and radioimmunoassay in nursing practice period and in studying period. In nursing practice, salivary cortisol concentration revealed lower, and K+/Na+ ratio revealed higher than in studying. And salivary cortisol correlated significantly with Na+, and also with K+ concentration. These results suggest that K+/Na+ ratio tends to be highered in student taking nursing practice, and raised levels of cortisol might be expected in nursing practice and also in studying, and that salivary constituents could indicate physiological stress. This study will facilitate a better understanding for the loading effect on the physiologic conditions of nurses.

The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence of urinary incontinence of elderly women in Korea, to identify the life style for urinary incontinence. The sample consisted of 237 women of Seoul and 5 Provinces. Data for this study was collected from January 16 to June 23 by structured questionnaire. Urinary Symptom Questionnaire developed by Jackson and demographic questionnaire were used to collect the data. The data was analyzed by frequency, percentage, Chi-Square test, Chronbach alpha coefficient with SPSS/PC+ program. 1. It was reported that 64.5% of the subjects have experienced urinary incontinence. And stress, urge, and mixed type incontinence was 34.0%, 8.5%, 57.5% respectively. 2. Characteristics related to urinary incontinence are : Daily frequency 28.7%, nocturia 71.5%, urgency 74.0%, bladder pain 36.7%, unexplained incontinence 35.1%, noctural incontinence 23.5%, frequency of incontinence 23.3%. Wearing protection 42.3%, changing outer clothing 31.0%, hesitancy 17.1%, straining 24.7%, intermittent stream 27.2%, abnormal strength of stream 28.4%, retention 13.6%, burning 5.0%, incomplete emptying 13.6%, Inability to stop mid stream 32.5%. 3. The life style and incidence with urinary incontinence were as following. Fluid intake restriction 18.6%, interference in daily task 30.3%, avoidance of places and situation 28.0%, interference in physical activity 22.3%, interference in relationship with other people 16.6%, interference in relationship with husband/companion 4.5%, time after attack of urinary symptoms 81.5%. In terms of the feeling about the rest of life with urinary symptom, perfectly happy 5.0%, pleased 10.6%, mostly satisfied 18.7%, mixed feelings 28.6%, mostly dissatisfied 20.1%, very unhappy 16.8%, desperate 0.3%. 4. Significant relation between incidence of urinary incontinence and life style. Significant differences between Fluid intake restriction(X2=8.876, P=0.002), affected daily task(X2=32.113, P0.000), avoidance of places and situation(X2=30.155, P=0.000), interference in physical activity(X2=30.209, P=0.000), interference in relationship with other people(X2=26.091, P=0.000). In terms of the feeling about the rest of life with urinary symptom(X2=43.425, P=0.000) of life style and incidence of urinary incontinence. In conclusion, this study were preliminary study to provide nursing practices guidelines for elderly urinary incontinence. Nurses working with elderly should develop and provide adequate care for the incontinent elderly subjects.

The purpose of this study was to determine relationships between job satisfaction and burnout experience. The subjects were 225 nephrology nurses in Pusan, and Kyung Sang Namdo and Kyung Sang Bukdo. The data were collected from Nov. 20 to Dec. 3, 1996 using questionnaires method. Job satisfaction measured job satisfaction tool by Slavitt et al, and burnout experience measured burnout experience scale by Pines et al. The questionnaire consisted of question regarding job satisfaction scale(44 items 5 point scale) and burnout experience scale(21 items 7 point scale). The reliability of this instrument was that the hob satisfaction was Cronbach's alpha=0.8298 and the burnout experience was Cronbach's alpha=0.8960. The data were analyzed with the SPSS program using mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study were as follows : 1. In the demosociographic characteristics showed the highest level was as follows : 26-30 years old group(40.2%), married(56.4%), graduated junior college of nursing(87.6%), non the religious(35.6%), the effect of religion upon life is not effected(35.6%). In the characteristics related to nursing profession showed the highest level was as follows : Hospital style is secondary hospital(that have above 450 beds) (53.3%), staff nurse(72.9%), the length of clinical experience at hemodialysis room is less than 2 years(39.1%), number of patient was assigned a nephrology nurses is 5(40.4%), work in two shift(55.6%), the nurses professional motivation is family recommended(33.8%), the nurses intention to stay is until for needed(58.2%), the chance for professional growth is not enough(44.9%), degree of satisfaction with nursing is moderate(43.2%). 2. The mean score of the total hob satisfaction is 3.06 of 5 point Likert-type scale. Task requirements(3.51) among the component factors of the job satisfaction was the highest value and then the interaction among fellow nurses(3.34), job prestige/status(3.33), autonomy(3.27), organizational requirement(2.55), and pay(2.39) was the lowest 3. The mean score of the total burnout experience is 3.20 of 7 point Likert-type scale. Physical exhaustion(3.36) among the component factors of the burnout experience was the highest value and then emotional exhaustion(3.20), and mental exhaustion(2.95) was the lowest. 4. Job satisfaction according to demosociographic characteristics of the subjects showed significant differences in the effect of religion upon one's life(F=3.268, p=0.013). Job satisfaction according to characteristics related to nursing profession of the subjects showed significant differences in the hospital type(F=3.479, p=0.033), position(F=3.165, p=0.044), number of patient was assigned a nephrology nurses(F=2.552, p=0.040), nurses intention to stay(F=7.153, p=0.001), the chance for professional nursing growth(F=3.735, p=0.006), the degree of satisfaction with nursing(F=12.680,p=0.000). Burnout experience according to characteristics related to nursing profession of the subjects showed significant differences in the position(F=3.247, p=0.041), number of patient was assigned nephrology nurses(F=4.220, p=0.003), shift(F=3.148, p=0.045), nurses intention to stay(F=9.911, p=0.000), the degree of satisfaction with nursing(F=13.234, p=0.000). 5. Job satisfaction and burnout experience was signigicant negative correlation(r=-.5466, p<.001).

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among variables which are categorized by two groups : the first group consists of obesity, serum lipids, and blood pressure which were measured by physical index or physiological index, and the second group consists of demographic variables and variables related to lifestyle that is known to influence the first group. The canonical correlation analysis was conducted with the data collected from 400 male clients who visited one university hospital located in Inchon in a period, from May 1996 to December 1996, for physical examination. According to the results, blood pressure and HDL of the first group were shown to have strong relationship with age, alcohol, smoking, exercise of the second group. And total cholesterol, triglyceride, systolic, BMI of the first group were shown to have strong relationship with income status, education, exercise of the second group. And all of the serum lipids (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL), BMI, and diastolic were shown to have relationship with education, smoking, alcohol. It should be noted that fat rate, which was one of the indices for obesity, was not significant in any of the canonical variates. From the comparative study results on which combination of indices of obesity, serum lipids and blood pressure was related to either alcohol or smoking more, it can be seem that smoking was more highly related to two blood pressure indices such as systolic and diastolic, and that alcohol was highly related to serum lipid indices such as HDL, total cholesterol, triglyceride. Also investigation on what differences exist between the combination of variables showing high relationship to systolic and the combination of variables showing high relationship to diastolic was conducted. Systolic turned out to have relationship with total cholesterol, triglyceride, obesity (fat rate), income status, education, exercise. And diastolic was related to HDL-c, total cholesterol, tryglyceride, obesity (BMI), education, smoking, alcohol. From this results, it could be seen that the combination of variables which have high relationship to systolic and diastolic have different patterns. Lastly, the investigation on what relationships exist between serum lipids and demographic variables/lifestyle variables was conducted. It turned out that HDL-c had high relationship with age, education, income status, alcohol, and that all of serum lipids (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL) were shown to have high relationship with income status, education, age, exercise. From these results, it could be seen that the demographic variables were more influential both on HDL and on all of serum lipids than lifestyle variables were.

This study examined the types of touch received by elderly patients from nurses, and explored the elderly patient' and nurses' perceptions of touch occurring during nursing activities. Non-participant observation and semi-structured interviews were the methods employed for data collection. The study subjects were composed of 24 nurses of the three medical wards, and their 83 elderly patients who were hospitalized at S Hospital in Seoul from February 15th to March 15th in 1996. The Observation Schedule, the Perception of Touch Instrument, and the Patient classification were study instruments. The most common types of touch occurring during the nurse-elderly patient interactions were : task touch(82.9%), caring touch(4.9%), and concurrent type of touch (12.2%). The mean score of the elderly patients' perception of touch was higher at 30.45(range 5-35)compared to the mean score of the nurses' perception of touch which was 23.01(range 5-35). Elderly patients received the nurses' touch much more positively than the nurses. But the two scores were not significantly correlated(r=.06, 29). The elderly patient's touch perception score was higher(p<.05) in the group that was touched upon approach than the group was touched later. Elderly patients preferred caring touch to task touch, but it was not significant. Nurses' touch perception scores were higher(p<.05) for female than male. Elderly patients felt most comfortable when the nurses administered the touch on their painful site.

No abstract available.

This descriptive study measured the quality of life and the sexual satisfaction for ostomates as an attempt to give nurses basic data to improve life satisfaction of ostomates. The research design was a descriptive study and the data were obtained by Quality of Life questionnaire, and Sexual Satisfaction questionnaire. These data were collected from 21 ostomates undergoing treatment in four university hospitals and one hospital and 36 ostomates depending on one medical agency by direct obtaining method and mailing method from March. 3, to March 24,1997. Data analysis was cone by the SAS computer program and Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation Coefficient, and Cronbach-alpha were used. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The item mean score for quality of life for the ostomates was 3.03. For six subscales in the quality of life scale, the mean scores of subscales were in order of the highest 3.46 for family relationship, and the second scored subscales were economic life(2.84) and physical state(2.96). 2. The item mean score of sexual satisfaction for the ostomate was 2.86. 3. The result of analysis of relationship between quality of life and sexual satisfaction was significant(r=0.21, p=0.05). The relationship between sexual satisfaction and each subscale of quality of life were significant with the self-esteem (r=0.34, p=0.01), physical state(r=0.21, p=0.01). In conclusion, it was found that the quality of life and sexual satisfaction of ostomates were low. The quality of life and sexual satisfaction was correlated. Although chronic disease affect to quality of life and sexual satisfaction, an adequate nursing intervention will improve the life satisfaction.

The purpose of this study is to investigate th effect of the blood pressure self monitoring on the reduction of essential hypertension. This study had been conducted from March to July, 1995. Six persons who lived in Song-pa Gu, Seoul were selected for the experimental participants. They were consist of 5 males and 1 female. The samples measured their blood pressure by automated sphygmomanometer in supine position every morning(6-7AM) and night(10-11PM) for 6 weeks. The researcher measured blood pressure of samples in supine position by mercurial shpygmomanometer 2 times a week for 6 weeks. The samples' subjective stress was measured by VAS before and after the experiment. Results were as follows : 1. The average age of the samples was 53 (range from 49 to 60) and the average hypertension history of the samples was 56 months (range from 1 month to 10 years). 2. The self measuring samples' blood pressure of the morning showed the tendency of gradual reduction during the 2nd week and the 5th week. 3. The self measuring samples' blood pressure of the night showed no variation but systolic blood pressure showed slight reduction during the 5th week. 4. The blood pressure measured by researcher showed no variation but it showed the higher blood pressure than the self measuring samples' blood pressure. The conclusion is that the blood pressure self monitoring had effects on the reduction of essential hypertension, especially on the reduction of systolic blood pressure. 5. Generally blood pressure measured by researcher showed the higher blood pressure than the self measured samples' blood pressure. Therefore the medical persons who measure the blood pressure must be more careful when they measure blood pressure. I suggest that, first the client who want to know their real blood pressure should compare the blood pressure measured by clinic with the self monitoring method. 2nd the patient of essential hypertension who take anti-hypertensive agents should be selected in sampling. 3rd the experiment of the lasting duration of reduction of blood pressure self monitoring should be conducted.

Because the oral mucositis is often inevitable in acute leukemia patients during chemotherapy, the efforts must be made to keep these leuekmia patients from oral mucositis. So we tried to develop two oral care protocols for reducing the level of oral mucositis during cytotoxic therapy through literature review and our clinical experience. This quasi-experimental study was performed to compare the prohpylatic value of these oral care protocols. Thirty-seven subjects were assigned to one of three groups. The first group performed bivon-normal saline gargling protocol, the second group performed chlorhexidine gargling protocol, and the last contrast group kept traditional gargling protocol, The Oral Assessment Guide(OAG), the Beck's perception of oral comfort, and the discomfort of oral gargling solution were used to assess oral status and subject's oral discomfort during chemotherapy. Each subjects were observed daily from the start of the chemotherapy until Absolute Nertrophil Count (ANC) reached 1,000/mm3. It continued about 2-4 weeks. The data were analyzed by ANCOVA and Kruskal-Wallis oneway ANOVA. The results were as follows : The control group showed significantly highest mean score of the OAG and Beck's perception of oral discomfort among three groups. However the mean score of OAG and Beck's perception of oral discomfort were not significantly different, the bivon saline group showed significantly lowest mean scores among three groups. In conclusion, we recommend that nurses who care acute leukemia patients use bivon-normal saline gargling protocol to reduce the level of oral mucositis during chemotherapy.

Adverse reactions to latex are various from localized skin problem to systemic anaphylaxis, even causing death. There are few reports on latex glove hypersensitivity in Korea, even though clinically the adverse reactions to latex sporadically have been reported. The purpose of this study was to survey the prevalence rate of adverse reactions to latex glove and compare the rate of allergy to ordinary latex glove with those 4 types of hypoallergenic gloves. Data on adverse reaction to latex gloves and symptoms as well as risk factors were collected from 63 operating room nurses using a questionnaire and direct observation of skim prick test. Questionnaire was used to survey the adverse reactions including the type I and IV, skin prick test was used to survey latex allergy defined type I. Among respondents, 25 nurses with adverse reaction to latex gloves were selected for the skin prick and exposure test with 5 latex gloves ( 1 ordinary glove, 4 hypoallergenic gloves) using the repeated measures design of the counterbalancing method. The results were followed : 1) The response rate of questionnaire was 96.8%, and the prick test was performed in 61 out of 63 nurses. 2) Common symptoms of adverse reactions to latex gloves were rash (49.2%), skin itching (44.3%), dizziness (31.3%), and eye itching (26.2%). 3) The prevalence rate of adverse reactions to latex glove was 80.3%. 4) The prevalence rate of latex allergy was 9.8%. The relationship between the latex allergy and atopy was significant, i.e. the atopic persons had more latex allergy than the non-atopics. 5) In 5 latex gloves, the prevalence rate of latex allergy by skin prick test and skin exposure test was follows : 16%, 24% for skin angel gloves, 8%, 24% for hypoallergenic HAG glove, 12%, 4% for hypoallergenic SmooTer-R glove, 8%, 0% for hypoallergenic Candle glove, 8%, 24% for hypoallergenic Neutralon glove respectively. There was no difference in prevalence rate of latex allergy among gloves by skin prick test. As the results of skin exposure test, the usual latex gloves had higher prevalence rate of latex allergy than the hypoallergenic gloves (p<0.0001).

Chronic liver disease was characterized difficult to cure, long-standing disease. Patients with chronic liver disease were searching for complementary treatments to recover form illness, while they have been treated by the doctor. This study was carried out to explore application of alternative therapies in patients with chronic liver disease. For this survey, the questionnaire were developed by researchers and the data were collected for two months. Among the 192 subjects, 155 were hospitalized and 37 were out patient department and the majority of diagnoses were chronic hepatitis (42.2%), liver cirrhosis (31.3%), primary liver carcinoma (14.6%). The results were as follows. 1. Patients who have had experiences with alternative therapies were 128, not undergone were 64. Varried alternative therapies were used and 46.9% of 128 subjects used both hospitals and alternative therapies simultaneously. 2. Patients have looked for alternative therapies in the early stage of disease (71.1%), and motivated to decide a matter of having use complementary therapies as alternatives for treatments (64.8%), and obtained information from their families and friends (48.2%), mass media (14.8%). The majority of patients were acknowledged that laternative treatments have no effectiveness really but it gives them psychological comfort. And the patients have payed a lot of money in cost of alternative therapies fee ; 1.4 times higher than hospitals. 3. Among the 128 subjects, 43.8% patients were communicated with their physicians about complementary therapies, 56.2% were not. 82.1% patients who asked their physicians were experienced negative responses of their doctors. 4. patients were expected the higher effect of alternative therapies when they have been delivered treatment by hospitals with complementary therapies (chi2=57.84, P<0.05), and then they evaluated the treatment effect better in this treatment pattern (chi2=25.26, P<0.05). And in terms of general characteristics of the patients, the only duration of illness was showed the significant relationship with the utilization of alternative therapies (chi2=8.44, P<0.05). 5. In no used alternative therapies group, the reason that they have not taken alternative therapies were ; to keep their physician's prescription, to refuse alternative therapies by their physicians, and to have no trust themselves on alternative therapies. In conclusion, the further study will be required the patients' experience using alternative therapies as the progress of disease in terms of holistic view of patients.

The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the lived experience of leukemia patients by eliciting their verbal description of the experience. Participants were persons who were diagnosed with leukemia at the hospital and living at home after treatment. Data were obtained from interview of five leukemia patients and experience journals of 10 leukemia patients. Interview were tape recorded and transcribe verbation. The transcripts were analyzed by Colaizzi method. Major theme clusters that were emerged from the analysis are "Urgency or Impendence", "Terribleness or Miserableness", "Uncertainty", "Searching for hope" and "Spiritual well-being". The results of this study may help nurse to implement more efficient nursing strategies for leukemia patients by deeply understanding their lived experience and to develop quality of life program for leukemia patients.

Compared to urban communities, rural districts are in lack of medical service. With an increasing population of old aged people and low economical income, the demand for reinforcing health organizations is growing. Woman's health is expecially an important source of their family members' lives. Public health policies and studies for women's health, however, have emphasized only child-maternal health to want general covering and studies of health and wellness. Particularly study of women's health in rural area is almost rare that personal, material benefits in this area lack quantity, amount of women's labor is big, and basic elements of living such as diet and elimination are irregular, due to the range of the tide thus has many potential health problems. In this regard, this study attempted to grasp the health problems of adult women in rural area and to provide bases for developing health promotion and health education programs. In collecting data for this study, face to face interviews were made through a structured questionnaire from January to April 1 in 1998. And collected data were analyzed with SAS statistics program, descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. Subjects' health status were examined by classifying into such as their health perception, complained health problem, smoking, alcohol intake, substance abuse, health behavior, comprehensive medical testing, muscle strength and stretching, and the result of examination is follows : 1. As for subjects' health perception, 1.47% of the subject answered that 'not sick but not so healthy' 27.94% thought they were healthy, while 69.7% answered they were not healthy. 2. As for the complained health problem, many complained pains in the muscle and skeletal system, especially back pain, finger joint and knee joint pain. Women's health problems related with the breast and reproductive system include case of 52.26% of receiving the breast self examination while 56.55% of receiving the cervical cancer screening test. 3. As for the rate of smoking, 1.47% used to smoke while 40.30% used to intake alcohol. 4. Rate of substance abuse was 46.03% of the subject. 5. Rate of subjects receiving the comprehensive medical testing was 36.76% while 63.24% did afterward managing behaviors. 6. 47% of subjects' muscle strength and 13% of stretching were not good enough to need the health education on physical exercises. Therefore, based on this result, appropriate health education programs require to be developed to promote the adult women's health in rural area.

This study was designed to investigate the relationship among variables to assess the effect of bladder training and pelvic muscle exercise on female urinary incontinence. A total of 50 women, recruited from Incheon area through a newsletter advertisement, were assigned to 3 groups : 13 to the control group, 19 to the bladder training group and 18 to the Kegel (pelvic muscle) exercise group. Treatment protocol lasted for 8 weeks, and study measurements were taken at the beginning, 5 week and 9 week of treatment. Peak pressure, average pressure and duration time of pelvic muscle contraction were evaluated by a perineometer ; urinary incontinence scores by the urinary incontinence scale ; amount of leaked urine and ratio (the amount leaked urine/single urinary volume after a pad test) by a 30-minutes pad test ; frequency of micturition, nocturia and single urinary volume through a urinary diary. Measurements of baseline, 5 week and 9 week were analyzed using Pearson's correlation. In conclusion, the important variables to assess the effect of bladder training and pelvic muscle exercise for 4 weeks are peak pressure, average pressure, duration, leaked urine amount, ratio, frequency of micturition and single urinary volume. The important variables to assess the effect of bladder training and pelvic muscle exercise for 8 weeks are duration, leaked urine amount, ratio, frequency of micturition, frequency of nocturia and single urinary volume.

Emergency nursing intervention should be provided to patients under fatal status with much quickness and accuracy. To improve the quality of emergency medical service, triage nurse systems, being implemented in advanced hospitals which successfully provide effective emergency services, are considered in this thesis. A triage nurse is defined as a nurse who first and immediately meets the patient at the very entrance of emergency department, and performs proper intervention according to the extent of injury. Triage functions include interviewing patients, physical evaluation, classifying patients, assigning nurses/doctors, and beds, performing preliminarily required tests and remedies, re-evaluation of waiting patients, emotional supports, arranging future medical services, and education. In Korea, triage nurse systems have not yet been introduced, however, some prleminary types of triage systems are being practised. The purpose of this thesis was to review the triage functions implemented in Korean emergency department and then to suggest a model of triage nurse system for Korean emergency departments. For field study, 10 emergency departments in Seoul, which have more than 13 nurses, are selected, and a nurse who have more than 1 year experience in emergency department was interviewed from each workshift, i.e. day, evening, and night. Data collection taken 17 days from Apr. 8 to Apr. 30, 1996. In the field study, we reviewed the triage functions performed in Korean emergency departments. 40.9% of interviewed nurses show that the triage functions are performed by general nurses, 18.42% and 10.15% indicate that the functions were performed by charge nurses and assigned nurses, respectively. Thus, triage nurse systems where pre-assigned nurses consistently perform triage functions were not yet introduced in Korean emergency departments. However, 96.7% of the nurses answered that triage systems are needed in their emergency departments and 82.77% showed that triage functions would be performed at the entrance of emergency department. A triage nurse systems will unload stresses which both patients and supporters cope with, provide secure and comfortable medical environments, and reduce the waiting time. Finally, it may be improve the patients' and supporters' satisfaction. Therefore, this study provides basic data to enhance emergency medical services and leads to a future study to implement and extend specialized nursing systems in emergency departments.

The purpose of this study was to define health promoting behaviors of a family caregiver, to identify the factors affecting the performance in health-promoting behaviors, and to provide basis for nursing intervention strategies to promote health promoting behaviors. Study variables were induced from the Pender's Health Promotion Model and also from the literature that was related to the family caregiver's experiences. This study was conducted on the exploratory survey. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from 218 family caregivers in a university hospital in Tae-Gu, between March 13 and April 11, 1997. The subjects of this study were 218 adult caregivers. The samples data were collected by using a convenience sampling method. The following instruments were used in the study after some adaptation : Park Chai soon' Health Promoting Life-style Profile, Park Chai soon's Self-efficacy Instrument and Rogenberg's Self-esteem Scale. In addition, items measuring family caregiver-professional interaction were made by the present author based on related studies. The reliabilities of instruments were tested with Chronbach's alpha (.75-.89). Data were analyzed by using the SAS program, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's coefficients of correlation and stepwise multiple regression technique was applied to analyses data. The results of this study were as follows. First, the average score of the performance in the health-promoting behavior variable was 130.88 ; the range of the score was from 83 to 189. The variables with the highest degree of the performance were self-actualization and interpersonal relationship. Second, the relationships between the degree of the performance in health-promoting behaviors and its exploratory factors were as follows ; the performance in the health-promoting behaviors was significantly correlated with self-efficacy, self-esteem, perceived health status, caregiver-professional interaction, perceived severity of illness, caregiving stress and change of health-concern. The performance in the health-promoting behaviors was significantly different from such demographic variables such as age and sex. Third, stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that : 1. Self-efficacy was the main predictor and accounted for 36% of the total variance. 2. Self-efficacy, age, caregiver-professional interaction and self-esteem, altogether accounted for 47.5% of the total variance. In conclusion, self-efficacy, age caregiver-professional interaction and self-esteem were identified to be important variables that contributed to promote health-promoting behaviors.