PURPOSE
This study attempted to analyze problems of informed consent in the clinical setting and appraise ethical aspects inherent in such issues in order to boost awareness of informed consent and its implementation among healthcare professionals.
METHODS
Study methods included identifying ethical meanings of informed consent in the clinical setting based on the principal ethics, and exploring the process of informed consent utilizing communicative ethics and feminine care ethics RESULTS: The ethical basis of informed consent encompasses not only respect for autonomy but also prohibiting malice, practicing beneficience, and establishing justice. These principles, however, are limited in illustrating the ethical aspects of communicative ethics and care ethics that are entailed in informed consent within clinical settings. The ethical meaning of informed consent involves a communicative and caring process between healthcare professionals, patients, and family built on mutual respect.
CONCLUSION
Healthcare professionals must fully understand the ethical meanings of informed consent and in turn respect and protect the clients' right to know and making decisions. Nurses especially, must take on the role of mediator and advocate throughout the process of obtaining informed consent, and practice ethical caring by facilitating communication grounded in mutual understanding among the physician, patient, and family members.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of young adults with hypertension, using phenomenology in order to describe the essence of such experiences and to understand them from the patients' point of view.
METHODS
Participants in this study were 4 hypertension patients with ages ranging from 20 to 35 years old, living in Seoul city. Data were collected from in-depth interviews done from October to November in 2005. Colazzi method(1978) was used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
The 12 themes were extracted in this study ; 'Discovery by accident', 'Denial of the diagnosis', 'A disease unworthy of the young men', 'Guilty feeling toward their parents', 'Fear of death', 'Unconvinced reason', 'Worry about the future', 'Attribute all symptoms to the disease', 'Will of not life-long medication', 'Concern for fertility problem', 'Not convinced with current treatment method', 'Becoming unimportant'.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study show that the young adult with hypertension will be in a high risk group of non compliance, so helpful program for them should be developed and the nurses need to pay more attention to the psychosocial aspect of nursing.

PURPOSE
This study examined the effects of spirituality promoting intervention for the stomach and colon cancer patients.
METHOD
A quasi-experimental design was used. Data collection was carried out from April 2004 to June, 2004 at a cancer center in Korea. The intervention included pray, meditation, group education and discussion for coping with cancer. The experimental group were received a 1-hour intervention per week for 6 weeks, while the control group received usual care. Data collection was done at pre and post intervention. The degree of spirituality was measured by the Korean version of WHOQOL-SRPB pilot test(WHO Quality of Life-Spirituality, Religiousness and Personal Beliefs pilot test) Module, and social support was measured using scores on a PRQ 85(Personal Resources Questionnaire). Fighting spirit was measured by the scores of MAC(Mental Adjustment to Cancer) scale.
RESULTS
The experimental group showed significant increase in the scores of social support and fighting spirit compared to those in the control group after the intervention. There were no significant changes in terms of the spirituality score compared to the baseline score in the experimental group and the control group.
CONCLUSION
This intervention appeared to be effective in increasing social support and fighting spirit, which considered to be very helpful in cancer adjustment.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between spirituality and a fighting spirit among the patients with cancer. METHODS: The participants were 223 patients diagnosed stomach, colorectal or breast cancer, and who were in chemotherapy or follow up care. The study design was cross-sectional at the time of the data collection. The degree of spirituality was measured by the Korean version of WHOQOL Spirituality, Religiousness and Personal Beliefs (SRPB) Pilot Test Module, and fighting spirit was measured by the scores of Mental Adjustment to Cancer(MAC) scale. RESULTS: The score of love appeared to be higher in the patients with follow up care than the patients with treatment(p<0.05) and the score of believing was much higher in patients with recurrence than the patients without (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant correlation among hope, believing, love, forgiveness and acceptance, and fighting spirit. In the multiple regression analysis, hope and believing explained much variance of the fighting spirit. CONCLUSION: These finding showed that the more hopeful and believing patients with cancer had higher scores of fighting spirit, which was known to be one of the most active coping style in adjusting to cancer.

PURPOSE
This study was to investigate symptom occurrence related to the disease characteristics of patients with cancer.
METHOD
A total of 301 patients with cancer participated in this study. The participants were recruited from University Hospitals located in Seoul, Wonju, Kwangju, Daegu, and Pusan. Data collection was performed by using a questionnaire on symptom occurrence. The obtained data was analyzed using SPSS computer program that included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, one-way ANOVA, and t-test. 1) Yonsei University (Wonju College of Medicine) 2) Ajou University 3) Home Health-Hospice Research Institute at Yonsei University 4) Research Institute of Nursing Science at Chonnam National University 5) The Institute of Nursing Science at Kyungpook National University 6) Research Institute of Wholistic Nursing Science at Kosin University.
RESULT
The mean score of fatigue was the highest (3.24), followed by loss of appetite, lack of concentration, change in appearance, pain, insomnia, change in bowel pattern, nausea/ vomiting, coughing, and dyspnea. Most symptoms were significantly correlated with each other. The level of symptom occurrence in patients with lung cancer or cervix cancer was significantly higher than the level in patients with stomach cancer. Patients receiving radiation therapy or a combined therapy of radiation therapy and chemotherapy experienced significantly higher level of symptom occurrence than those receiving chemotherapy only. Also, female patients experienced higher level of symptom occurrence than male patients did.
CONCLUSION
The sites of cancer, types of treatment, and gender influence the level of symptom occurrence of patients with cancer. Thus, these variables should be considered when assessing and planing for symptom occurrence of patients with cancer.

Spiritual health is an important indicator in the quality of life of patients with cancer. The purpose of this study was to validate a Spiritual Health Inventory (SHI) for patients with cancer developed by Highfield (1989). The SHI was translated into Korean, back-translated into English. The study sample was 96 patients with cancer. The data were collected from September, 1999 to February, 2000 for 6 months. Statistic analysis was done with the SPSS PC+ (Version 10.0) program: descriptive statistics, factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, and one-way ANOVA. The results are as follows: 1. The reliability score was examined using Cronbach's alpha and found to be .79. 2. Construct validity was examined using factor analysis. Four factors were identified and named: Peace of mind (19.1% of variance), Hope (9.7%), Self-esteem (6.4%), Trust (6.0%). The total of 41.2 percent of the variance. 3. The Pearson correlation coefficient score of 4 factors was between r = .24~ .42. 4. SHI was identified as multidimension, that is The relationship with GOD, as absolute being, the relationship with others, the relationship within oneself. 5. There were differences in response in items especially related to GOD. The following recommendations can be made on the above findings: 1. Replicate with a minimum sample of 150 and test for concurrent validity. 2. Since spirituality is a dynamic concept, longitudinal study is also necessary. 3. Concept analysis using a qualitative study based on religious preference is recommended. 4. The items such as 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 22, 24, 26 indicated conceptual ambiguity for Korean populations and further study is needed on item deletion or new items.

The purpose of this study was to identify pain management done by nurses and to develop an educational program for pain management, and also to evaluate the effects of education on the knowledge, attitudes, nurses and on the pain control practice of nurses. The first stage of this study was to identify the process of pain management in cancer units. A focus group interview using 15 nurses who were working in cancer units was conducted for the purpose of convenience sampling. The focus group interview results indicated that pain assessment wasn`t completed systematically, and was mainly dependent on the verbal complaints of patients or caregivers. The educational contents of the nurses were identified. The 2nd stage of this study was to develop a pain education program and to test its effect on nurses. A One Group pre-test/post-test design was utilized. The educational program(6 hours) consisted of: 1) Myths about pain, 2) Pain assessment, 3) Pain management with medications, pharmacological mechanism, 4) Pain management with noninvasive methods, and 5) Questions and discussion. The testing instrument was modified from the nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain(Ferrell and McCaffery, 1996) and face validity was completed by the nursing faculty and a pain clinic physician, and reliability testing was done for 80 RN-BSN students. The purposive convenience sample of 40 nurses participated in the study. Attitudes and Knowledge changes were measured 2 weeks prior to education and 4 weeks after the education. Ad hoc testing was done 8 weeks after the education with the review of 89 patients' charts. 1. The result were statistically significant on knowledge and changes in attitudes in pain management (t=-4.079, p<0.001). 2. The contents of 89 nursing records were analyzed and it was found that there were great changes in the pain description The assessment of pain severity was measured using VAS. Recommendations for further study are as follows: 1. Continuous pain education for nurses, physicians and students of the health professions is recommended. 2. There is a great need to develop a program for resolving decisional conflicts experienced by nurses in the pain management process.

This study examined effect of preceptorship on clinical education of senior nursing students of Y. University in Seoul. Quasi-experimental study design was used. Sixty students of pre-test and 80 of post-test participated in this study. Competency scores of the students before the clinical education(pre-competency scores) were compared with the competency scores after the clinical education(post-competency scores), and teacher evaluation scores between preceptors and clinical the data from students with preceptors(experimental group, N=22) and with clinical instructors(comparative group, N=58) were also examined. Study results indicated that the total post-competency scores were higher compared to the total pre-competency scores, and the difference was statistically significant. Among 7 sub-domains, differences were all statistically significant in 6 sub-domains except "self-esteem" domain. Competency scores of the students who had clinical education with had clinical education from clinical instructors. But the difference between those scores was not statistically significant. However, students gave higher evaluation scores to preceptors than clinical instructors. This study concluded that preceptorship did not influence much on clinical education at this time yet. However it is expected that when preceptors adjust their new roles and function them in expert education. This study recommended that for the preceptors to increase their motivation to teach students and to accept their roles, systemic rewards are needed.

No abstract available.