PURPOSE
This study aimed to identify depression and its predictors among Korean community-dwelling elderly with mild cognitive impairment.
METHODS
Secondary data analyses of the data collected by the "Study on tailored integration program for reinforcing cognitive and physical function of the frail elderly. The study used data from one-to-one interviews using structured questionnaires. The subjects were 346 community-dwelling elderly who visited a healthcare center in Seoul, Korea. A descriptive correlational study design was utilized to explore depression and its predictors including physical factors and psychosocial factors among the elderly with mild cognitive impairment. Data were analyzed using t-test, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical regression.
RESULTS
Mean score of depression was within normal limit 11.61+/-6.69. Somatic symptoms, negative life events (severity), social support were shown as significant predictors of depression. The most influential predictor for depression was somatic symptoms (beta=.340, p<.001).
CONCLUSION
To prevent and relieve depression in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment, nursing intervention strategies which consider well-balanced physical and psychosocial aspects are needed. In particular, a specific nursing intervention strategy is required to improve physical health of the elderly with mild cognitive impairment.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to compare depression, somatoform disorders, and quality of life among older adults.
METHODS
Samples of 280 community-dwelling Korean older adults were included. The age range of the participants was 60 to 90 years (average 72.6+/-6.4). The participants were assigned to one of two groups based on reported scores on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index from September 2006 to March 2007. The two groups were designated as "poor sleepers"and "good sleepers". A T-test was used to compare depression, somatoform disorders and quality of life between the two groups.
RESULTS
Forty-six percent of participants reported scores that indicated they were poor sleepers. Poor sleepers reported significantly higher depression scores (p<.001), higher somatoform disorders scores (p<.001), lower for each SF-36 quality of life dimension, and lower mental and physical health summary scores (p<.001) than the reported scores of those participants who were classified as good sleepers.
CONCLUSION
Older adults with poor sleep patterns are more likely to report higher depression, more somatoform disorders and a lower quality of life. Additional research is needed to identify the appropriate nursing interventions aimed at improving sleep quality, depression symptoms, somatoform disorders and the quality of life.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to identify the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among a group of community-dwelling elderly and to determine if there were differences in general characteristics, activities of daily living (ADL), perceived health status (PHS) between the MCI group and group of elderly with normal cognitive function.
METHODS
This study utilized a descriptive survey design. Six hundred and five subjects over the age 65 were recruited from an S public health center, Seoul. Data were gathered through a variety of instruments: MoCA-K, K-MMSE, K-MBI, S-IADL, and PHS scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 18.0 using descriptive statistics, Chi-Square test and t-test.
RESULTS
The prevalence of MCI among the subjects was 46.0%. Differences in IADL, PHS, age, education, sex, and residing with a spouse were statistically significant between groups. The MCI group had lower IADL, lower PHS, were older, and had lower educational levels than the group with normal cognitive function. Further, the MCI group was less likely to live with a spouse.
CONCLUSION
It is suggested that MCI group should be targeted in developing and implementing nursing strategies to prevent dementia and improve the elderly cognitive function.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to describe the sexual behavior, health risk related to reproductive health, and characteristics of sexual experience among college students in Korea.
METHODS
Six thousands college students were selected through proportional quota sampling based on region, college, and gender. Structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to describe the data.
RESULTS
Thirty eight percent (N=2,285) of the participants reported sexual intercourse. The mean age of first time sexual intercourse was 19.3 years old. Respondents reported the following health risks such as smoking, drinking, not exercising, no regular meal patterns, chronic disease status, and weight loss over 10 kg in the past three months showed significant differences by sexual intercourse experience (p<.01). Among those who had sexual intercourse experiences, 7.1% of them reported having a history of STDs and 11.6% reported a pregnancy or pregnancy of one's partner.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study reflect the current trends of sex behaviors among college students and correlations between health risks related to reproductive health and sexual intercourse experiences. Developing reproductive health education programs based on the findings and providing the programs to college students through a school nurse is suggested.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an educational program about reproductive health promotion on sexual knowledge and attitudes of university students. METHODS: The sample included 79 students of all grades from 3 universities in Korea. Data were collected from 8th to 11th of January, 2008 by using a structured questionnaire administered before and after the educational program. The data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. RESULTS: The students' scores on sexual knowledge increased, and attitudes toward sexuality changed at the completion of the educational program. The program was especially effective in 'physiology', 'contraception and abortion' and 'venereal disease and AIDS' among sexual knowledge, and in 'intercourse' and 'sexual morality' among sexual attitudes. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that an educational program about reproductive health increases sexual knowledge and changes the sexual attitudes of university students.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to identify the difference of sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of college students who fulfilled military service and those who did not, for providing basic data for developing nursing interventions for the college students.
METHODS
This study used a descriptive research design. The subjects of this study were 3,741 male college students. Data were collected through personal interviews using questionnaires from November to December 2007. The sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior measurement tool was used. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test and chi-square test.
RESULTS
The major findings of this study were as follows: 1) There was a statistically significant difference in sexual knowledge of contraception / abortion(p = .002, t = 3.16), venereal disease(p = .006, t = .2.73), sexual attitude of sexual behavior(p = .002; t = 3.13) and sexual double think(p = .047, t = 1.98) according to military service 2) There was a statistically significant difference in sexual behavior experience frequency of 9 items(friendship with opposite sex, kiss / embracing, petting, porno magazine / porno video contact, masturbation, sexual intercourse via anus, sexual intercourse via mouth, cause pregnancy, cause abortion: p < .000, chi-sqare = 39.47; p < .000, chi-sqare = 55.88; p < .000, chi-sqare = 46.76; p = .034, chi-sqare = 6.77; p = .017, chi-sqare = 12.05; p = .003, chi-sqare = 14.24; p < .000, chi-sqare = 47.70; p < .000, chi-sqare = 23.86; p < .000, chi-sqare = 21.84) respectively according to military service.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that sexual knowledge, attitudes and behavior differ before and after the experience of military service, so further study for detecting military sex culture character effecting difference in sex knowledge, attitudes and behavior is needed.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between LLFDI and quality of sleep in older men with prostatic hypertrophic symptoms.
METHODS
The secondary analysis of data collected for the 2nd stage BK(Brain Korea)21 project was performed. The original data were collected using a cross-sectional, face-to-face, and private interview method. The questionnaires consisted of prostatic hypertrophic symptoms, late-life function and disability, quality of sleep, and demographic profiles.
RESULTS
A total of 112 older men included in this study. The major findings of this study were as follow; 1) 29.5% of participants had more than moderate symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy. 2) There were a significant positive correlation of prostatic hypertrophic symptoms with subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction found, whereas there was a negative relationship with frequency dimension. 3) The LLFDI is significantly associated with urgency, weak stream, and intermittency. The quality of sleep is significantly associated with weak stream which explained 11.2% of variance.
CONCLUSION
These results may contribute to a better understanding late-life function and disability, quality of sleep in older men with prostatic hypertrophic symptoms. Therefore, health programs for prompting older men's health should be planned based on results of the study.

PURPOSE
The objectives of this study were to examine the difference between scores assigned by dementia patients and their caregivers to the patients' anxiety, depression, and quality of life.
METHODS
After obtaining Institutional Review Board(IRB) approval, face-to-face interview with the patients and their caregivers respectively was conducted by trained graduate-level nursing students from December 2007 to February 2008. Patients' anxiety, depression, and quality of life were measured by patients and their caregivers. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 14.0 program, which was used for frequency, percentage, mean , standard deviation, t-test, and Pearson's correlation.
RESULTS
Significant relationships were reported between the depression rated by patients and that rated by their caregivers(r = .37, p = .019). In addition, there was no difference between the quality of life rated by patients and that rated by their caregivers(t = -7.11, p = .479). However, there was no significant relationship between the anxiety rated by patients and that rated by their caregivers(r = .21, p = .195).
CONCLUSION
There were no differences on level of depression and quality of life of dementia patients measured by dementia patients and caregivers, However, dementia patients' anxiety level has discrepancy between them.

PURPOSE
The present study was designed to understand the conceptual definition and attributes of the clinical critical thinking ability(CCTA) in nursing and to grasp the characteristics of clinical critical thinking abilities.
METHODS
The data were analyzed using the Hybrid model of Schwartz-Barcott and Kim(2000).
RESULTS
Having the skills and dispositions to think critically, CCTA refers to something that implies the cognizant ability to interpret contextual meanings, analyze the relationships between materials or circumstances, draw out the best conclusions, predict things using relevant information and evaluate the reliability of information and the strength of inference on the one hand and the emphatic disposition to be curious, open-minded, intellectually integral, systematic and creative and to reflect on things in contextual terms on the other.
CONCLUSION
CCTA is characterized by clinical circumstances, such as guessing the reasons for facts, predicting things, connecting theory to practice and approaching individual situation in total terms as well as by the Korean circumstances, such as taking another person's perspective. Hence, this study proposes developing the tools to measure the clinical critical thinking ability and the strategies to improve the clinical critical thinking ability and seeking to verify their validity, on the basis of the findings.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to develop the first standardized education & training program for education of senile long-term care managers to improve the quality of senile long-term care service.
METHODS
The study developed programs through literature review, specialists' conference and interview with the linear approach from February, 2007 to May, 2007.
RESULTS
Senile long-term care managers should have qualification of 51 items in knowledge, 35 items in technology and 17 items in attitude. Total 8 subjects were education & training subjects of senile long-term care managers and the study proposed targets of each subject and education & training level divided into top, middle and bottom. Total education & training hours were composed of 70 hours in theory, 50 hours in practical technique and 40 hours in social welfare practice in agencies.
CONCLUSION
The study will contributed development of the first education & training programs for education of senile long-term care managers. Therefore, the study proposes that the study will be applied to a systematical education & training course through program verification after applying real programs to senile long-term care managers and that it is necessary to develop the standardized education & training program for higher senile long-term care managers.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between a experience of falling, fear of falling, depression, and perceived health status in urban areas.
METHODS
After obtaining Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, a one-time, face-to-face, and private interview was conducted with each participant who was eligible and agreed to participate in this study from May 2007 to August 2007 by trained graduate-level nursing students. The questionnaires consisted of Fall Efficacy Scale, K-GDS, and SF-36. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS/PC 12.0 program, which was used for frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and hierarchical regression.
RESULTS
The major findings of this study were as follows; 1) approximately 9% of participants had fallen within one year. Study participants reported moderate fear of falling(M=43.80); moderate physical health (M=42.31) and mental health(M=46.05); and low depression status(M=10.38). 2) there were significant differences in fear of falling according to gender, experience of falling, exercise, and depression. 3) significant factors influencing on fear of falling were experience of falling and physical health status.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that nurses working closely with older adults should be taught the impact of previous falls and physical health status on fear of falling and need to reinforce exercise behavior for older adults who are vulnerable to fear of falling.

PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to investigate the prevalence of insomnia and to compare sleep patterns, demographic characteristics, and obstacles for sleep between women with and without insomnia.
METHODS
This was a descriptive study. Study participants were 1,679 Korean women aged over 20 years. Information on symptoms of insomnia, sleep patterns, and related factors was assessed by questionnaire. Symptoms of insomnia included difficulties in initiating and maintaining sleep and early morning awakening.
RESULTS
This study found that 32.0% of the study participants had insomnia, subjects with insomnia had bad sleep patterns compared to comparison group, lower educational level and menopause were closely related to insomnia, and noise, temperature, lighting, presence of bed partner, intake of caffeine, frequent urination, and pain or itching were associated with insomnia.
CONCLUSION
This study suggests that insomnia is prevalent in women and closely associated with education level and menopausal status.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to identify factors influencing health promotion behavior of the low-income elderly women in urban area.
METHODS
The subjects of this study consisted of 389 the low-income Korean elderly women over 65 years. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficients, Stepwise Multiple Regression with SPSS/Win 12.0.
RESULTS
1) Activity limitation was found to have a statistically significant negative correlation. But self-rated health, self-esteem, and social support were found to have a statistically significant positive correlation with health promotion behavior 2) The factors influencing health promotion behavior were self-esteem, social support, activity limitation, self-rated health, pocket money, and religion. They accounted for 36.8% of the variance for health promotion behavior in the low-income elderly women living in urban area. The most powerful predictor was self-esteem(28.1%).
CONCLUSION
This study showed that making a thorough assessment of the predictors influencing health promotion behavior in the low-income elderly women who remain vulnerable in diverse aspects is very important to minimize their health issues and to contribute their positive health promotion.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise intervention, including dumbbell(weight lifting), walking, and yoga, on the body composition, physiologic factors, body image, and perceived health in the community-dwelling women.
METHOD
This study utilized pretest-posttest design with three types of exercise interventions. The types of exercise intervention included dumbbell, walking, and yoga.
RESULTS
A total of 136 subjects were included: 49 for dumbbell, 67 for walking, and 20 for yoga. As measures of body composition, BMI, body weight, and body fat rate were significantly improved only after dumbbell intervention(p<.01). Systolic blood pressures were significantly decreased in the groups of dumbbell and walking. Diastolic blood pressure was significantly declined only in the walking group. Vital capacities and body image were improved in all groups(p<.01). However, total cholesterol levels were not improved in all groups(p>.05) and none of the measures for perceived health state were not significantly changed in all groups(p>.05).
CONCLUSION
From the findings of this study, it was demonstrated that the effects of exercise interventions were differentiated by their types and variables to be affected. Therefore, future studies that apply the tailored exercise intervention to each age-categorical group are needed.

PURPOSE
This study was to analyze the research trends centering on the theses and articles related to reflexology released in Korea.
METHOD
This study is a descriptive study in which the researcher collected the academic degrees and theses published on the book of the academic society from 1983 to August 2005, and examined 52 domestic dissertations and articles on reflexology.
RESULTS
By academic department, the result were: the nursing theses 25(48.1%), and public health and physical education each 4(7.7%). In the type of reflexology, the result were: single therapy like hand acupuncture or hand moxibustion 27(61.4%), combined therapy 17(38.6%). As for the research design, the experimental research was most frequent (84.6%). As for the subject, the result were: healthy people 31(59.6.%), patient 11(21.1%), medical staff 7(14.9%) in order. In the theme of the theses, the effect of therapy were most frequent(84.6%).
CONCLUSION
Researches about reflexology should be conducted and extend into interdisciplinary fields and medical areas. On the basis of preceding results, qualitative studies and international and cross-sectional comparison studies are needed to apply in practice with scientific background.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to understand the meaning of mind control as it is understood by elderly persons in Korea.
METHOD
This study was conducted by engaging three elderly persons who are over the age of sixty five and presently residing in Seoul. Several in depth interviews were conducted with these individuals from March 2003 until November 2003. The contents of the interviews were analyzed using the Giorgi Method (1985), which places the emphasis on discovering meaning within the phenomenological context of an individual's experience.
RESULTS
The analysis of the contents revealed the following four components with regard to the meaning of mind control for elderly persons (1) Settling the mind (2) Gradual lowering of expectations and hope for the success of offspring, (3) Having good thoughts and acting accordingly, and (4) Making up one's mind to follow the 'natural flow of life'.
CONCLUSION
By allowing a wider and deeper understanding of the meaning of mind control for elderly persons the results of this study provide a basis for improving the care of elderly with a holistic perspective.

OBJECTIVE
The study was conducted by the Association of Korean College of Nursing in order to survey and analyze the current state of clinical practicum for adult health nursing at four-year nursing college in Korea and to suggest improvements in the contents and methods of clinical practicum and its future direction. METHOD: Data were collected using a survey by mail from July to November 2004 using a structured questionnaire on the general state of clinical practicum for adult health nursing. The questionnaires were sent to 53 nursing colleges throughout the country, and 47 recovered questionnaires were analyzed. RESULTS: The number of credits for adult health nursing practicum was 7~10(average range), and various nursing fields were used in clinical practicum. The number of students per team was 5~6 at general wards and 3~4 at intensive care units. Students also experienced practicum during daytime and in the evening. Clinical practicum for adult health nursing was led by full-time professors and field practicum directors. In clinical practicum for adult health nursing, almost every college evaluated students' attitude, skills, leadership, etc. in various forms. CONCLUSIONS: It is urgent to develope a standardized evaluation tool for clinical practicum.

PUEPOSE: This study was conducted to compare self-rated health, health status, and health promotion behaviors between non-low income and low income elderly women in the urban setting. METHOD: The subjects of this study consisted of 668 Korean elderly women over 65years. The data was analyzed by the SAS(ver.8.02) computer program, and it included descriptive statistics, chi-square-test, analysis of covariance, pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: 1) The non-low income elderly women had significantly higher scores(self-rated health, health status, and health promotion behavior) than the low income elderly women. 2) In low income elderly women, age, number of children were the main effect factors of health status, and level of education, burden of medical expense were the main effect factors of health promotion behaviors. In non-low income elderly women, number of children was the main effect factors of health status, and level of education, level of pocket money were the main effect factors of health promotion behaviors. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the establishment of a health care system for elderly according to their social-economic level is very important for providing productive care apposite to the situation of elderly.

PURPOSE
The aim of this study is to understand the experience of health behavior among elderly women. METHOD: Participants of this study were 8 healthy elderly women over 65, who live in city and town. The data were collected through in-depth interview and participant observation, analyzed by the Colaizzi (1978)'s phenomenal research method was adopted. The data collection period was from March to May of 2003. RESULT: The essential themes were 'desiring to keep oneself in good health even with aging body', 'receiving and living with illness', 'maintaining ones health with body activity', 'getting along with peace of mind' CONCLUSION: The study is significant because it provides viewpoints for understanding elderly women's experience of health behavior in the context of Korean culture. And also it provides guideline for elderly nursing intervention.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of hand moxibustion for reduction of pain during menstruation. METHOD: Fifteen women were selected as subjects and data collection was conducted from September to December 2003. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Digital Infrared Thermotraphic Image (DITI) were used to measure the degree of pain and body heat. RESULT: The results showed that there was a significant reduction of pain during menstruation when hand moxibustion was performed. Also, there were significant differences in the change of body heat. These were left hands (Z=-2.805, p=.005), right hands (Z=-2.805, p=.005) and lower abdomen (Z=-2.803, p=.005). CONCLUSION: It was found that hand moxibustion decreased pain during menstruation and increased body heat. Therefore, hand moxibustion may be a good method for intervention to decrease pain during menstruation.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to describe the using pattern of alternative therapies in the elderly.
Method
197 subjects, persons who were more than 60 years old, we interviewed. We modified and complemented Shin's(2000) instrument in accordance with purpose of this study. Data were analyzed statistically by using SAS program. RESULTS: 1. It was shown that 66.84% of subjects have utilized one or more types of alternative therapy. 2. It was shown that the most frequently used types are acupuncture (48.83%), and ethmoid bone therapy (42.75%). 3. Acupuncture was shown to be the most satisfactory type of therapy (14.50%). 4. There was a significant difference in the use ratio by sex; female 73.47% and male 60.20%. 5. Among users of alternative therapies, the most frequent responses to each question were as follows; 1. Motive of Use - "for complete cure of symptoms" (32.31%). 2. Side effects - "no side effects" (95.97%). CONCLUSION: We found that elderly persons used alternative therapies more frequently than others perpulations. Diet therapy and Hand therapy were most commonly used in older people. Although the elderly use alternative therapy, they cannot place confidence in its scientific reliability. Therefore, we need to examine the effects of alternative therapy.

PURPOSE
To describe the status of the laboratory facilities, equipment and expenses for practice in a four-year nursing schools and to analyze mandatory requirements for laboratory facilities and equipment.
METHOD
A descriptive survey research design was used. The participants were 49 of the 4-year nursing schools across the nation. The data were collected by e-mail. The return rate for questionnaires was 63.3% (n=31).
RESULT
In 2001 the total expenses for laboratory practice were 21,865,230 won and the average per student was 102,418 won. Types of laboratories included single and complex. The mean size for laboratories was 318.7 m2 and mean size for laboratories for fundamental nursing was 161.1 m2. The range for number of students in a laboratory class was 20-30 for eight universities (30.8%). Among required laboratory equipment, items that were deficient in 50% in the universities were mercury and aneroid sphygmomanometers for children, electronic sphygmomanometers, Bell type fetal stetho- scopes, sheepskin, beds for children, for gynecology, and electronic hilo beds. Among the elective equipment, items that were deficient in 50% of the universities were O2 tents, Blackmore tubes, retractors, hot-water supply, and incentive spirometers. The number of items that needed to add to the equipment were 10 for required equipment and 22 for elective equipment.
CONCLUSION
A standardized mandatory list of equipment for laboratory facilities and expenses for practice in 4-year nursing schools needs to be developed.

PURPOSE
This study was to understand to the nursing theory frame contained in the traditional philosophy and western nursing theory for the theory development fit for Korean people and to identified the strategy for nursing theory development.
METHOD
To perform this study various relevant texts-western, eastern, classical and contemporary were reviewed.
RESULT
The metaparadigm of the nursing in western considers four major factors-Human being, Environment, Health and Nursing. In Korea, the metaparadigm of nursing considers three major factors-Universe, Human being (body, life, health, disease) and Nursing. The key strategy for establishing comprehensive nursing theory which combines both western and eastern is to study the nursing literature based on eastern and western philosophy. Theorists should study the life and culture of the specific nation in order to understand the essence of the thoughts and psychology of the patients and to investigate the phenomena, which will be the foundation of theory development.
CONCLUSION
Western nursing theory must be utilized to provide practical framework for the development of nursing theory, and practical approach is necessary for combining western and eastern theory.

"Journal of Korean Academy of Adult Nursing" has been published since 1989 and more than 330 articles have been published up 2000. We reviewed all the articles published in this journal to analyze the contents and trend of published articles and to find out the way of improvement both in quantity and quality of studies in this area. The results are as follows; 1) Ninety percent of articles were quantitative studies. Experimental design was used in 16.1% and quasi-experimental design was adapted in 73.6% of articles. Qualitative research were 10.3% of total articles reviewed. 2) Only 5.1% of articles described theoretical framework and 73.6% of experimentally designed articles included research hypotheses. 3) Among experimental studies, only one was true experimental studie design. Eighty nine point three persent had descriptive survey method among non-experimental studies. Amog the thirty four qualitative studies, phenomenologic(73.5%), grounded theory(14.7%), and ethnographic (11.8%) design were used. 4) Most of research subject were patients and few healthy people, healthcare worker, and patient family. 5) Psychosocial data collection method which used questionnaire were 53.7% and interview, physical measurement, observation were used in 22.8%, 8.2%, 5.4% of articles respectively. 6) Total number of keywords were 692, and average number of key words per article was 2.2. Health-related keyword was the most frequently used according to four metaparadigm of nursing (human, health, nursing, and environment). Environment related keyword was rarely appeared. The number and quality of nursing research in "Journal of Korean Academy of Adult Nursing" have been improved continuously. It is difficult to find out special trend or characteristics which is unique in this journal because of relatively short history of adult nursing studies. This review study was performed to analyze adult nursing studies only in the view of quantitative aspect, but it is needed to analyse qualitatively to find philosophical or theoretical trend in nursing.

The purpose of this study is to present an actual example for procedures for developing a PBL package based on philosophical backgrounds derived from Problem-based learning. To perform a systemic study on the operations of an intergrated curricula under multi-disciplines, a research team made up of several professors with different academic backgrounds was formed. Among the four situations for the patients with perception-adjustment disorder, especially a procedure for the development of PBL package which can be used in the emergency room situation has been proposed. The little(2000)'s PBL package model has been applied for this study. Tha package includes course objectives, learning objectives, concept map, situation scenario, tutor guide, and evaluation method. It is believed that learning objectives achievement procedures designed as a part of a problem-based learning package development procedures for the nursing of patients with perception-adjustment can be achieved at the same level as the learning objectives for the science of nursing founded by the Korean Nurses Association.

The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency of Urinary Incontinence and lower urinary tract symptoms, to identify life style problems for UI of Women in anIsland. The sample consisted of 88 women in an island, a urinary symptom questionnaire developed by Jackson, et. al. and a demographic questionnaire were used to collect the data. The results of study were as following. 1. It was reported that the subjects have experienced UI and various lower urinary symptoms such as stress incontinence, nocturia, intermittency, abnormal stream, feeling of incomplete emptying and also they have experienced some degree of 'bother' 2. It was reported that the subjects have experienced various life style problems for UI 3. There was significant relationship between age and urgency (p=0.0262), bladder pain (p=0.0268), abnormal strength of stream (p=0.0074), inability to stop midstream (p=0.0026), and ability to perform daily tasks (p=0.0488), 4. There was a significant relationship between the number of discharges and urgency (p=0.0273), abnormal strength of stream (p=0.0307), and inability to stop midstream (p=0.0122). 5. There was a significant relationship between menopause and bladder pain (p=0.0020), abnormal strength of stream (p=0.0245), and inability to stop midstream (p=0.0002). 6. There was a significant relationship between the degree of experiences for lower urinary tract symptoms and life style behavior. Therefore, based on the results, a developing and carrying out of adequate UI care program is needed.

The purpose of this pilot study was to identify the effects of hand moxibustion therapy to decrease pain and relieve coldness of the body in women who had a hysterectomy. The conceptual framework of this study was derived from Ying-Yang, Khi and other corresponding theories. The data were collected from February to May 1997. A Graphic Rating scale was used to measure the degree of pain and Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging(D.I.T.I) was used to examine the degree of coldness. The subjects were women who resided in Seoul and had a hysterectomy within five years. An experimental group was composed of five women who received moxibustion and a control group was composed of five who did not. The research procedure began with having both the experimental group and control group describe their general characteristics and the degree of pain they perceived. Then, Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging(D.I.T.I) was conducted. Moxibustion was only given to the experimental group on both hands twice every day for a total of five weeks. Their perception of pain and D.I.T.I were examined weekly. The control group received no therapy. After finishing therapy, the perception of pain and D.I.T.I for both groups were also measured. According to this study, moxibustion therapy resulted in a change of body temperature on the right shoulder joint(p=0.00074), abdomen(p= 0.0047), waist(p=0.0068) and hands(p=0.0317) respectively. Also, the study results showed significant decrease (p=0.0001) in pain over time and significant improvement over body coldness.

During the past 10 years, concern for community people's health has increased together with the changes. Public health policies and studies for community people's health, however, have influenced those in child-maternal health care to want more general coverage and studies of health and wellness. Particularly, the study of community people's health in the extent an island area is almost rare as that personal and the material benefits in this area are lacking of community people's work is large, and the basic elements of living, such as diet and elimination, are irregular due to the schedule of the tide. Thus, there are many potential health problems. In this regard, the study attempted to understand the health problems of island community people and to provide a basis for developing health promotion and health education programs. In collecting data for the study, face to face interviews were made through a structured questionnaire from October 1 to December 30, 1996. Collected data were analyzed with the SAS statistics program, descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. Subjects' health status was examined by classifying into such categories as their health perception, complaints of health problem, related lifestyle, psychosocial health staus, the result of examination is as follows; 1. For subjects' health perception, 26.9% of the subject answered not sick, but not so healthy'; 30.9% thought they were healthy, while 22.9% answered that they were not healthy. 2.For the health problem complaints many complained of pains in their muscles and skeletal system, especially knee joint pain. Women's health problems related with breast and the reproductive system included 52.3% of cases doing breast self examination, while 56.55% received the cervical cancer screening test. In men's health problems, 44.2% of subjects answered that they have moderate to severe BPH(Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy) symptom. 3.There were statistically a significant difference in the degree of physical health according to marital status(p=0.0028), occupation(p=0.0442), income(p=0.0357). 4.For stress status, 17.2% was to need the intervention, 50.2% was to need observation. 5.The mean score of self-esteem was 27.7 showing a relatively high score. 6.For the rate of smoking, 37.7% used to smoke, while 28% used to take alcohol. 7.The rate of substance abuse was 45.9% of subjects. 8.Most of subjects' health behaviors included most of the acupuncture (52%). 9. The rate of subjects receiving comprehensive medical testing was 34.36% while 34.78% did after care managing behavior. 10.For the obesity grade, 53% is normal weight, low-weight 32.8%, obesity 33%. 11. For nutrition status, 78.7% illy balanced to need intervention of nutritional education. 12. For 78.7% of subjects, muscle strength and 40.7% of stretching were not good enough to need health education on physical exercises. Therefore, based on the results, appropriate health education programs need to be developed to promote health of community people on an island.

The purpose of this study was to examine depression in order to identify health care strategies to improve health promotion among mid-aged women. There were 515 participants aged 40-65 years old, staying in the Seoul area. The data were collected from July to September, 1999. The instrument for this study was Beck's Depression Inventory(BDI) to evaluate depression. The collected data was analyzed with frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, and Multiple logistic Analysis. The result of this study were as follows: 1. The average depression scores was 10.19 which is relatively low. 2. The depression score was significantly by age(p=0.005), marital status(p=0.049), level of education(p=0.0001), an average income (p=0.0001) and leisure acting (p=0.0001). Therefore this study suggests that the replicate study is needed more at different areas.

Compared to urban communities, rural districts are in lack of medical service. With an increasing population of old aged people and low economical income, the demand for reinforcing health organizations is growing. Woman's health is expecially an important source of their family members' lives. Public health policies and studies for women's health, however, have emphasized only child-maternal health to want general covering and studies of health and wellness. Particularly study of women's health in rural area is almost rare that personal, material benefits in this area lack quantity, amount of women's labor is big, and basic elements of living such as diet and elimination are irregular, due to the range of the tide thus has many potential health problems. In this regard, this study attempted to grasp the health problems of adult women in rural area and to provide bases for developing health promotion and health education programs. In collecting data for this study, face to face interviews were made through a structured questionnaire from January to April 1 in 1998. And collected data were analyzed with SAS statistics program, descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. Subjects' health status were examined by classifying into such as their health perception, complained health problem, smoking, alcohol intake, substance abuse, health behavior, comprehensive medical testing, muscle strength and stretching, and the result of examination is follows : 1. As for subjects' health perception, 1.47% of the subject answered that 'not sick but not so healthy' 27.94% thought they were healthy, while 69.7% answered they were not healthy. 2. As for the complained health problem, many complained pains in the muscle and skeletal system, especially back pain, finger joint and knee joint pain. Women's health problems related with the breast and reproductive system include case of 52.26% of receiving the breast self examination while 56.55% of receiving the cervical cancer screening test. 3. As for the rate of smoking, 1.47% used to smoke while 40.30% used to intake alcohol. 4. Rate of substance abuse was 46.03% of the subject. 5. Rate of subjects receiving the comprehensive medical testing was 36.76% while 63.24% did afterward managing behaviors. 6. 47% of subjects' muscle strength and 13% of stretching were not good enough to need the health education on physical exercises. Therefore, based on this result, appropriate health education programs require to be developed to promote the adult women's health in rural area.

During the past 10 years, concern for women's health has increased together with the social changes. Public health policies and studies for women's health, however, have emphasized only child-maternal health to want general covering and studies of health and wellness. Particularly study of women's health in island area is almost rare personal, material benefits in this area lack quantity, amount of women's labor is big, and basic elements of living such as diet and elimination are irregular, due to the range of the tide thus has many potential health problems. In this regard, this study attempted to grasp the health problems of adult women island and to provide bases for developing health promotion and health problems of adult women island and to provide bases for developing health promotion and health education programs. In collecting data for this study, face to face interviews were made through a structured questionnaire from August 1 to November 1 in 1996. And collected data were analyzed with SAS statistics program, descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. Subjects' health status were examined by classifying into such as their health perception, complained health problem, smoking, alcohol intake, substance abuse, health behavior, comprehensive medical testing, nutritional status, muscle strength, and stretching, and the result of examination is as follows ; 1. As for subjects' health perception, 29.8% of the subject answered that 'not sick but not so healthy' 33.11% thought they were healthy, while 36.82% answered they were not healthy. 2. As for the complained health problem, many complained pains in the muscle and skeletal system, especially back pain and knee joint pain. Women's health problems related with the breast and reproductive system included case of 52.26% of receiving the breast self examination while 56.55% of receiving the cerivcal cancer screening test. 3. As for the rate of smoking, 16.77% used to smoke while 12.74% used to intake alcohol. 4. Rate of substance abuse was 48.39% of the subject. 5. Subjects' health behaviors included most of the acupuncture(60.64%) and fomentation therapy(33.36%) in the order. 6. Rate of subjects receiving the comprehensive medical testing was 34.36% while 34.78% did after ward managing behaviors. 7. As for the nutrition status, 57.63% illy balanced to need the intervention of nutritional education. 8. 87.1% of subjects' muscle strength and 55.48% of stretching were not good enough to need the health education on physical exercises. Therefore, based on this result, appropriate health education programs require to be developed to promote the adult women's health in island.

No abstract available.